always in a V-formation, and the extraordinary 'dances' with which some accompany courtship, have been observed for centuries and have caused a large body of myth and folklore to grow up about the bird during classical and mediæval times. On this point, consult C. de Kay, Bird Gods (New York, 1898).

The remote breeding of the European crane (Grus grus) in Lapland and along the northern border of Russia was little known until the mystery was solved by J. Wolley in 1853, who discovered among other new facts that the young run about as soon as they leave the egg, and that the sitting bird would not carry away eggs that had been handled, as had been commonly believed. The birds make their nests on the ground in the marshy plains that border the Arctic Sea. The whole account (Ibis, London, 1859) is exceedingly interesting, and is largely quoted by Stejneger in the Standard Natural History, vol. iv. (Boston, 1885). Other cranes of the Old World are the northwest African crowned or Balearic crane (Balearica pavonina), which has a top-knot like that of a peacock; and the smaller Numidian crane or demoiselle (Grus virgo), which in summer resides and breeds from Turkey eastward to China, and which is the one most famous for its dancing. The Manchurian crane (Grus viridirostris) is especially common in winter in Korea, where it is trapped in large numbers and sold to the Chinese and Japanese, who are especially fond of it, and endow it with many folklore qualities. The large Australasian crane (Grus Australasiana) is one of the most conspicuous birds of that region, and is known to the Australians as 'native companion' because of its friendly disposition. It will sometimes follow the plowman, picking up the insects he turns out of the soil. Consult Blyth, Natural History of the Cranes (London, 1881).

American cranes are of three species. The greatest is the whooping crane (Grus Americana), which is larger than the European crane, and is seldom seen except on the Western plains, where it has become rare. Two others are also species of the Western interior, and are diminishing in numbers; one is the sand-hill crane (Grus Mexicana), and the other the little brown crane (Grus Canadensis)—both until recently regarded one species. Consult Coues, Birds of the Northwest (Washington, 1874). See Plate of CRANES, ETC.

as

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CRANE (AS. cran, cornoch, OHG. cranuh, chranih, Ger. Kranich, crane; connected with Welsh, Corn., Bret. garan, OChurch Slav. zheravi, Lith. gérwe, Gk. yéparos, geranos, crane; called from the resemblance of the arm of the machine to the neck of the bird). A term used in mechanics to designate a hoist which can also move the load in a horizontal or lateral direction. Cranes are divided into two classes, as to their motions-viz. rotary and rectilinearand into four groups as to their motive power— viz. hand, when operated by manual power; power, when driven by power derived from line shafting; steam, electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic, when driven by an engine or motor attached to the crane, and operated by steam, electricity, water, or air transmitted to the crane from a fixed source of supply; locomotive, when the crane is provided with its own boiler or other generator of power, and is self-propelling, usually being capable of both rotary and recti

linear motion. Rotary and rectilinear cranes are thus subdivided: (1) Swing cranes, having rotation but no trolley motion; (2) jib cranes, having rotation and a trolley traveling on the horizontal jib; (3) column cranes, identical with the jib crane, but rotating around a fixed column, which usually supports a floor or roof above; (4) derrick cranes, identical with jib cranes, except that the head of the mast is held in position by guy rods, instead of by attachment to a roof or ceiling; (5) pillar cranes, having rotation only, the pillar or column being supported entirely from the foundations; (6) pillar jib cranes, identical with the last, except in having a jib and trolley motion; (7) walking cranes, consisting of a pillar or jib crane mounted on wheels and arranged to travel longitudinally upon one or more rails; (8) locomotive cranes, consisting of a pillar crane mounted on a truck, and provided with a steam-engine capable of propelling and rotating the crane, and of hoisting and lowering the load; (9) bridge cranes, having a fixed bridge spanning an opening and a trolley moving across the bridge: (10) tram cranes, consisting of a trunk or short bridge, traveling longitudinally on overhead rails and without trolley motion; (11) traveling cranes, consisting of a bridge, traveling longitudinally on overhead tracks, and a trolley moving transversely on the bridge; (12) gantries, consisting of an overhead bridge carried at each end by a trestle traveling on longitudinal tracks on the ground, and having a trolley moving on the bridge; (13) rotary bridge cranes, combining rotary and rectilinear movements and consisting of a bridge pivoted at one end to a central pin or post and supported at the other end on a circular truck, provided with a trolley moving on the bridge.

Cranes are built of wood and iron, but at the present time cast iron and steel are employed nearly exclusively. Hand cranes are employed for handling comparatively light loads, and the manual power is usually applied by means of a crank or cranks operating a windlass, around the drum of which the hoisting rope is wound and unwound. For heavy loads some form of mechanical power is always employed, which is applied through a suitable train of mechanism for performing the various movements of hoisting, rotation, and horizontal travel. A great variety of such mechanisms are in common use for each of the principal kinds of motive power, and for details the reader should consult special treatises on hoisting machinery. Cranes are built with capacities of from a few hundred pounds to as much as 150 tons. The traveling crane in the 12-inch gun shop at the Washington Navy-yard has a capacity of 150 tons; the span of the bridge is 59% feet; the maximum travel of the trolley lengthwise of the bridge is 44 feet 2 inches, and its traveling speed is from 25 to 50 feet per minute; the effective lift is 40 feet, with four speeds of hoist: the speed of travel of the bridge is from 30 to 60 feet per minute.

The Finnisston Quay, at Glasgow, Scotland. is equipped with a pillar crane of 150 tons capacity. The jib is formed of two steel tubes, each 39 inches in diameter and 90 feet long; the radius of sweep for heavy lifts is 65 feet; the jib and its load are counterbalanced by a weight of 100 tons; and in a test a 130-ton load was lifted at a rate of 4 feet per minute, and a complete

1. SERIEMA (Seriema cristata). 2. CROWNED CRANE (Balearica pavonina).

3. LIMPKIN (Aramus pictus). 4. WHOOPING CRANE (Grus Americana).

revolution was made with this load in five minutes. The floating crane at Cramp's shipyard, in Philadelphia, Pa., has a steel mast 116 feet high and 3 feet in diameter, carrying a hori zontal jib 65 feet long with a counterbalance arm 50 feet long which is stayed to the bottom of the mast and to the hull of the barge. The barge is 69 feet long, 62 feet wide, and 13 feet deep. This crane has a lifting capacity of 125 tons. A floating crane owned by the Chapman Wrecking Company, of New York City, has a mast 92 feet high and a jib 98 feet long, and is capable of lifting a load of 265 tons.

On board ship cranes are fitted for handling cargo, coal, boats, anchor, etc. The boat-crane of a large modern man-of-war is built up, boxgirder fashion; it rises 20 or 25 feet above the skid-beams on which the boats are stowed, and the horizontal arm extends 10 or 15 feet beyond the ship's side when turned out for the purpose of lowering or hoisting a boat. The power is either electricity or steam, and serves to hoist and lower the boat, run it in or out on the horizontal arm of the crane, or train (i.e. turn horizontally) the latter. Consult: Glynn, Treatise on the Construction of Cranes and Other Hoisting Machinery (London, 1887); Marks, Notes on the Construction of Cranes and Lifting Machinery (London, 1889); and Towne, A Treatise on Cranes (New York, 1883). See DER

RICK.

CRANE, BRUCE (1857—). An American artist. He was born in New York, and studied there under A. H. Wyant. His landscapes are frequently exhibited, and he has become famed for his winter and snow studies. Mr. Crane became a member of the National Academy in 1879.

CRANE, ICHACOD. The lanky country schoolmaster, and hero of the adventure with the Headless Horseman, in Washington Irving's "Legend of Sleepy Hollow," in The Sketch Book.

His

CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900). An American journalist and novelist, born at Newark, N. J., November 1, 1870. He was educated at Lafayette College and Syracuse University; began active life as a reporter and newspaper writer; was correspondent for the New York Journal in the Greco-Turkish War (1897) and in Cuba, and then removed to England. first essay in fiction was a story of slum life, Maggie, a Girl of the Streets (1891). This was followed by a perversely eccentric collection of verses, The Black Riders and Other Lines (1895). The Red Badge of Courage (1896), a realistic though imaginary presentation of horrors in the Civil War, brought him deserved reputation, and marked the summit of his achievement. Less significant are: George's Mother (1896); The Little Regiment (1897): The Open Boat; On Active Service; Whilomrille Stories, and other tales; although in such a short story as The Master he showed that he still possessed great power. For some time before his death he resided in England. He died at Badenweiler, Germany, June 5, 1900. Posthumous manuscripts have been collected by his wife under the title Wounds in the Rain and Great Battles of the World. Many magazine stories remain uncollected.

York City. He graduated in 1864 at Princeton, was appointed professor of modern languages at Cornell, and in 1868 professor of the Romance languages. In 1901 he became dean of the general faculty of the university. He made valuable researches in the history of the development of European folklore, on which subject he accumulated one of the most valuable of extant libraries. His works include: Italian Popular Tales (1885); The Exempla, or Illustrative Stories from the Sermones Vulgares of Jacques de Vitry (1890); Chansons populaires de lu France (1891); and Tableau de la révolution française (6th ed., 1892).

CRANE, WALTER (1845-). An English painter and engraver, born in Liverpool, August 15, 1845. He was a pupil of his father, Thomas Crane, a portrait painter, and afterwards studied paintings are the "Birth of Venus" and the under Linton in London. Among his best oil"Fate of Proserpina;" among his aquarelles, "Plato's Garden," "Date Trees on Monte Pincio," and the "End of the Year." He is, however, best known from his illustrations in juvenile works, done in a sort of antique style, mostly in outline. Among the subjects which "Flora's Feast;" and "Queen Summer.” he has thus treated are "Echoes from Hellas;" He is also known as a designer for glass windows, tapestries, and the like, and has written extensively upon subjects of general artistic interest. He belongs to the Morris group of Socialists. He has received many medals, is president of the Arts and Crafts Society of London, and is prominently identified with popular art movements in England.

An

CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845-). American comedian. He was born in Leicester, Mass., and was educated in the Boston schools. In 1863, after some amateur experience, he made his début at Utica, N. Y., with the Holman Opera Company, taking the part of the notary in Donizetti's Daughter of the Regiment. In 1865 he turned his attention to comedy, and in 1870 became a member of the Alice Oates Company, with which he remained for four years. In 1874 he played at Hooley's Theatre in Chieage, filling the leading comedy rôles, and later he acted in San Francisco for nearly a year. Returning East, he made his first marked success with Stuart Robson (1877), at the Park Theatre, New York City, in Grover's farcical play Our Boarding House. Among their other successes were those in the Comedy of Errors and The Henrietta (1889), after which he separated from Mr. Robson. Since then he has added to his reputation by his excellent work in The Senator; The American Minister: A Fool of Fortune; A Virginia Courtship (1898); and David Harum (1900). Crane's specialty is eccentric American character.

CRANE-FLY (so called from its long legs). A big, slender-bodied fly of the family Tipulidæ, having excessively long, slender legs. These flies appear, often in swarms, in late summer, and about 300 of the thousand or more known