CONSULATE OF THE SEA. See CONSOLATO DEL MARE.

CONSUMERS' LEAGUE. An "association

of persons who desire, so far as possible, to do their buying in such a way as to further the welfare of those who make or distribute the things bought." It recognizes that every one is a consumer; that the individual purchaser is indirectly a maker of goods and an employer of

labor, and that as an individual he often has no

test for goods. In harmony with the new political economy represented by Professor Patten, Professor Marshall, and others, which puts the emphasis upon consumption, the League offers a means of organizing and educating consumers to a knowledge of their responsibilities. The movement started in England in 1890. About the same time the Working Women's Society of New York was investigating the condition of women and cash-girls in the stores of that city. They called a public meeting in May, 1890, to ask the help of consumers in bettering these conditions, and as a result the Consumers' League of New York was formed in January, 1891. Similar leagues have since been organized in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The work of the leagues has been principally: (1) to try to reform the conditions of workers in retail stores, and (2) to educate buyers, especially women. The leagues, according to the needs of their respective cities, drew up lists of conditions which a store must maintain in order to be called a 'fair house.' Some or all of the following points are considered: (1) wages (fines, time of payment, or minimum wage); (2) hours (length of working day and compensation for overtime); (3) vacations (week with pay, halfholiday during two summer months, legal holidays); (4) physical conditions (seats, sanitary work, lunch and retiring rooms); (5) humane treatment, appreciation of fidelity and length of service, and the employment of children. The stores that fulfill these conditions are placed on the 'white list.' Members of the League are urged to do their buying at these stores, and to show consideration for employees by courteous treatment and in the choice of purchasing hours. The promoters of the League soon found that its work must be extended to reach the makers of goods, both to improve their conditions, and to protect the purchaser, who had no way to distinguish between factory-made goods and those made or finished in sweat-shops. Accordingly the National Consumers' League was organized in 1899 with Mrs Florence Kelly, who had been a successful factory inspector in Illinois, as secretary. In order to identify the factory-made article a 'consumers' label' was adopted, which can be placed on goods made in factories maintaining the following conditions: (1) compliance with State factory law; (2) the manufacture of the goods on the premises; (3) no child under sixteen employed; (4) a ten-hour day; (5) permission given for inspection by a representative of the League. During its first year's work the National League, by means of the visits of its secretary, investigated factories making white goods. A list of fifteen factories was prepared whose conditions were satisfactory and whose owners were willing to use the label. The

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Brooks, The Consumers' League Reports (New York, 1896, et seq.); Lowell, Consumers' League (New York, 1896); North American Review, 166 (New York, 1898); AmeriAnnals of American Academy Bulletin, N. S. No. can Journal of Sociology, vol. v. (Chicago, 1901); 5 (Philadelphia, 1898); Reports of National, Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania leagues. Literature may be obtained at the office of the National Consumers' League, 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York.

See FACTORY INSPECTION; SWEAT-SHOPS ; UNION LABEL.

CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumptio, a consuming, from consumere, to consume, from com-, together + sumere, from sub, under + emere, to buy). One of the divisions-with production, exchange, and distribution-into which the subject of political economy is commonly divided. In the greater part of the works upon the subject, consumption follows the divisions above noted, and the subject has generally been treated in a stepmotherly fashion. It seems to have been assumed that the consumption of goods, the goal of all economic effort, sufficiently explains itself. Such treatment as is found deals with a few well-defined aspects. One of these has been the discussion of luxury, and the respective effects upon the economic order of wasteful and careful personal expenditure. In further examination of this subject attention has been called to the objects of personal expenditure. An examination of household budgets, especially those of the laboring classes, has given rise to an extensive and interesting literature. Attention was first directed to this line of investigation by the French economist Le Play and the German statistician Engel (q.v.). Much consideration has also been given under the head of consumption to the effects upon the economic order of the various forms of taxation.

It is obvious that consumption cannot be confined to the consideration of personal expenditure-that it is an integral part of the processes of production; and in this sense consumption has been defined as the 'withdrawal of goods from the market,' and would thus include not only direct consumption of goods for the satisfaction of immediate wants, but also the indirect consumption of goods in the production of other goods. It is this view of the subject which has in later years led to the attempt to correlate the phenomena of consumption more closely with the other economic processes. The stimulus seems to have been given by German economists, who have directed attention to the fact that the ultimate goal of all economic effort is the satisfaction of human wants. From this it was a natural step to a closer analysis of the human wants themselves, and this analysis has led up to the newer economic doctrine of which in England Marshall (q.v.), on the Continent of Europe the Austrian writers and in the United States Clark (q.v.) and Patten are the leading exponents. Their view is well stated in Marshall's

Principles of Economics (London, 1890-91), in which consumption or demand is given the first place in the discussion. The analysis of the forces which awaken the demand for goods, thus giving direction to the national production, has given rise to many new views in economics, and has reopened the discussion of fundamental principles. Such a development corresponds to the actual development of modern life in which the rapid strides of physical and mechanical science seem to have thrown for the time being questions of the limitations of human powers by physical conditions into the background. See EXCHANGE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; PRODUCTION.

CONSUMPTION. See TUBERCULOSIS. CONTACT (Lat. contactus, from contingere, to touch, from com-, together+tangere, to touch). In geometry, two lines of which one at least is curved are said to be in contact when they have two or more consecutive points in common. E.g. in analytic geometry a tangent is said to be in contact with a circle in two consecu

tive points. This is called contact of the first secutive points, the contact is said to be of the second order, and so on; e.g. the curves y=x3 and y = 3x2 — 3x + 1 have contact of the second order. The analytic condition for contact of the first order at point = a, between two curves, Y1 = P(x), y2 = 4(x), is that (a) = ¥ (a), p′(a) (a), and being the first derivatives. The condition for contact of the second order is that (a) = 4(a), p′ (a) = ¥′ (a), p′′(a) = y′′ (a). Contact of the third order requires the derivative of the third order, and so on. In contact of the nth order between two surfaces, there must be (n + 1) consecutive common points.

order. If two curves have contact at three con

=

CONTACT-ACTION, CHEMICAL. See CATALYTIC ACTION; REACTION.

CONTACT DEPOSITS. See ORE DEPOSITS. CONTAGION (Lat. contagio, contact, from contingere, to touch, from com-, together + tangere, to touch). The communication of a disease from the sick to the healthy, either by direct contact of a part affected with the disease, or by indirect contact through the medium of the excretions and exhalations of the body. Among the contagious diseases are measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, erysipelas, typhus fever, bubonic plague, epidemic influenza (the grippe), diphtheria, and tuberculosis. See BACTERIA; EPIDEMIC; INFECTION.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. The law takes cognizance of contagious and infectious diseases as they menace the public health, for the protection of which health and quarantine laws are enacted under the broad authority of the police power of the State. (See POLICE POWER.) For purposes of administration, this power may be delegated to municipal corporations or like political subdivisions.

While the right to take summary measures for the public safety is one of the most ancient of government prescriptions and is rarely challenged, yet it is none the less formidable, involving as it does the power of the State forcibly to confine those suffering from infectious diseases, even where properly cared for by friends or relatives, and other like interference with the personal rights of liberty and property. Maritime quarantine was early practiced by the com

mercial nations, and was enforced by the Venetians in the fifteenth century; but municipal health regulation is of somewhat later development, and the two are still usually separated in administration. Thus, for instance, the Board of Health of the City of New York exercises jurisdiction within the city proper and upon the waters of the bay to the limits of quarantine, which, with its shipping, is under the authority of the Board of Quarantine Commissioners and the health officer of the port. In the United States the enactment of quarantine laws is held to be among the powers preserved to the States under the Constitution. Under their authority, however, State boards of health are created and general statutes passed delegating the power to local boards in cities, towns, and villages. In the larger cities this power is usually conferred separately by provision in their charter or act of incorporation. The public health laws of the several States are similar in character, and may be consulted for details. Violations of the sanitary ished by imprisonment or fines. For the purpose code are usually made misdemeanors, and punthe possible interference of local regulations of of avoiding any questions that might arise from of regulating interstate commerce, Congress early the public health with the Federal prerogative passed acts adopting such State laws and requiring their observance by Federal officials (act of February 25, 1799; act of April 29, 1878 [20 Stat. L. 37]). In 1879 a National Board of Health was created, but its powers were little February 25, 1893 (27 Stat. L. 449), it was more than advisory, and by the act of Congress, abolished and its powers and duties transferred to the Marine Hospital Service, which, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, performs the functions of national quarantine. Questions pertaining to the people at large arising from immigration and importation belong to Federal jurisdiction as incidental to the constitutional right of regulating commerce. conditions of entry are imposed, such as detention, inspection, and disinfection, and under the act of 1893 protective restrictions may even be laid upon interstate intercourse where a danger is threatened and State authority is wanting or lax. The Federal quarantine may arrest the entrance of forbidden persons or things; but once past the 'Barge Office' or custom-house, the local authorities take jurisdiction. Naval vessels as well as commercial are bound to observe quarantine rules.

Thus

In Great Britain a similar system of sanitary protection prevails. In England, the controlling statute, the Public Health Act (38 and 39 Vict. c. 55 [1875]), is comprehensive in its provisions and regulations, though it does not extend to Scotland or Ireland, or, except as to special provisions, to the city of London. The Infectious Disease (Notification) Act (52 and 53 Vict. c. 72) and the Infectious Disease (Prevention) Act (53 and 54 Vict. c. 34), as the titles signify, provide respectively for the course to be pursued in notifying the proper authorities in cases of defined contagious illness, and the regulations to be adopted in the way of inspection and disinfection to prevent infection. The first applies to the United Kingdom, and may be adopted by urban and rural authorities of ports and local districts; the second is confined to England.

In its international aspect, the obligation rest.

ing upon a State to adopt proper regulations to prevent the spread of epidemics belongs to the so-called natural duties, rather than the more defined and absolute principles of international jurisprudence. But with the increase of international intercourse and the development of a more sensitive national conscience, a demand bas arisen among civilized nations for the recognition of the right to such protection by another State, as well as the long-established one of surrounding itself by defensive barriers. The United States has taken the lead in a commercial way by vigilant inspection of meats and like food exports. In 1879 Sir Shenstone Baker prepared a Code of International Quarantine, which was approved by the United States. See QUARAN TINE; and consult the authorities referred to

there and under POLICE POWER.

CONTARINI, kōn'tȧ-rē'ne. The name of a noble family in Venice, one of the twelve that elected the first Doge. Between 1043 and 1674, seven doges were furnished by this family, and several of its members were men of note. Domenico, Doge in 1043-71, was the first of the family to be invested with that dignity; during his reign the rebuilding of Saint Mark's Church was begun. Andrea, Doge in 1367-82, terminated the long war between Venice and Genoa by defeating the Genoese fleet at Chioggia. His return from this expedition was depicted by Paolo Veronese by order of the Republic. Ambrogio was Ambassador of Venice to Persia in 1473-77 and gave an account of his travels, published in Venice (1487). Gasparo (1483-1542), cardinal and diplomatist, went as Venetian ambassador to the Diet of Worms in 1521, thence accompanied Charles V. to the Netherlands, England, and Spain, and in 1523 concluded the Emperor's alliance with Venice. In 1535 he was made cardinal by Pope Paul III., and as Papal legate to the Diet of Ratisbon, in 1541, made the most extensive concessions to the Protestants, endeavoring to bring about a reconciliation with the Catholic Church. Of his earnest efforts to introduce sweeping reforms in the latter, his Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia (1537) is sufficient proof. The best-known of his other writings is De Magistratibus et Republica Venetorum (1543). Giovanni (1549-1605) was a painter of the Venetian School, who formed himself chiefly after the works of Titian and Palma the Younger. Called to Vienna by Emperor Rudolph II., he painted many portraits, but he is more noted for his historical compositions, among which are "The Doge Marino Grimani Adoring the Virgin," "Conquest of Verona by the Venetians," both executed for the Doge's Palace in Venice; and "Baptism of Christ."

CONTARINI FLEMING. Benjamin Disraeli (1832).

and was appointed by Napoleon chief of the aërostatic corps of the French army of invasion in the Egyptian expedition. During that expedition his inventive genius proved to be of great service; for, after the reverse at Aboukir, the revolt at Cairo, and the consequent loss of instruments and supplies, he directed the manufacture of cloth, surgical instruments, bread, arms, ammunition, and other necessaries. He also devised (1798) a barometer, similar to the later one of Vidi. In 1802 he assisted in founding the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry. Consult Jomard, Conté, sa vie et ses travaux (Paris, 1852).

CONTEMPORANEITY (from Lat. contemporaneus, simultaneous, from com-, together + tempus, time). A term used in geology to imply that two formations were deposited during the same period of time. This does not necessarily mean that they must contain the same fossil species, nor is it likely that they will, except when the two areas of deposition are in the same basin. The term contemporaneity is sometimes confused with homotary, which means that certain formations occupy the same relative positions with respect to the development of life forms. Thus, certain formations of the Devonian in Europe and North America might show similar faunas, but not have been deposited at exactly the same time. They would be homotaxial. See GEOLOGY.

CONTEMPT (Lat. contemptus, from contemnere, to despise, from com-, together + temnere, to despise). In law, any disobedience of, or disrespectful or disorderly conduct in the presence of, any court or legislative body. It is punishable because it tends to impair the dignity, power, and authority of such bodies, and thus interfere with the administration of the law, and generally the body concerned has an inherent power summarily to impose upon the offender a penalty of fine or imprisonment, or both. All courts have such power.

The guilty person may usually have these penalties remitted by 'purging' the contempt; that is, by making pecuniary reparation, as far as possible, for any damage caused by his acts, and apologizing for his fault. If satisfactory, an order or minute is then entered reciting that this has been done and directing that the culprit be relieved from the penalty. Consult: Rapalje, Treatise on Contempt (New York, 1884); Oswald, Contempt of Court, Committal, and Attachment, and Arrest Upon Civil Process (London, 1895).

CONTEMPT OF PARLIAMENT. See PAR

LIAMENT.

CONTÉ, kôn'tà', NICOLAS JACQUES (17551805). A French chemist and inventor, born at Aunou sur - Orne (Orne). He was at first a painter, but afterwards turned to the mechanical arts, and, when France was deprived, through war with England, of its plumbago supply, in vented a substitute in the shape of a mixture of graphite and clay. This substance he utilized for the manufacture of black-lead pencils, known as crayons Conté, by a process since followed in making all pencils. He also made extensive researches concerning the military aërostat, became director of the aërostatic school at Meudon,

VOL. V.-14.

CONTES DE MA MÈRE L'OYE, kôt de må mâr lwä (Fr., stories of my Mother Goose). A famous collection of fairy tales by Charles Perrault (1697), purporting to be written by his ten-year-old son. The stories are taken from popular tradition, and are told in simple, child

CONTES DRÔLATIQUES, drô'là'ték' (Fr., droll stories). A series of thirty tales by Balzac, abounding in Rabelaisian humor, and copying the style and spelling of the sixteenth century. They were published variously in 1832, 1833, and 1837.

CONTES DU LUNDI, dụ lên dê (Fr., Monday stories). A collection of short stories by Alphonse Daudet (1873), of which La dernière classe, the touching story of the last school session held by an old French schoolmaster in Alsace before the German occupation,

attracted much attention.

CONTI, Kôn'te', HOUSE OF. A younger branch of the House of Bourbon-Condé (see CONDÉ). It first appears in French history in the sixteenth century when François, son of Louis de Bourbon, first Prince of Condé, took the name of Marquis de Conti from his mother's fief of Conti-sur-Selles, in Picardy. Toward the end of the century he was made Prince of Conti. He died without heirs in 1614, and for sixteen years the title was in abeyance. In 1630 it was bestowed upon the infant Armand de Bourbon, second son of the Prince of Condé. This second

Prince de Conti is generally regarded as the founder of the house. His son, Louis Armand, Prince de Conti, succeeded him, and on his death,

Par

in 1685, left the title to his younger brother, François Louis (1664-1709), who styled himself Prince de la Roche-sur-Yon et de Conti, and was the most noted member of the family. He had been educated under the eyes of the great Condé and embraced a military career with enthusiasm. He served in Hungary against the Turks but, owing to incautious letters which he wrote home, he lost the favor of Louis XIV., and on returning was banished to Chantilly. doned through the intercession of the great Condé, the Prince served with distinction under the Duke of Luxembourg, and was present at the battles of Steenkerk (1692) and Neerwinden (1693). In 1697 he was put forward by Louis XIV. as a candidate for the Polish crown, and was in fact elected King by a part of the nobles, but found himself powerless against the opposition of Russia, the Emperor Leopold I., and the Pope, and abandoned his claim. Louis XIV. was never his friend, and feared Conti's popularity, so that the Prince spent his later life in retirement. In 1709, however, he was summoned to take command of the Army of Flanders, but was carried off by an attack of the gout. February 22, 1709. Massillon pronounced his funeral oration, and Saint-Simon, in his memoirs, speaks of him in glowing terms. His son was a worthless roué of the time of the Regency; but his grandson, Louis François (1717-76), Prince de Conti, distinguished himself as a brave and popular commander. The last member of the house was Louis François Joseph (1734-1814), Prince de Conti, son of the preceding, who, after a somewhat checkered career, died at Barcelona. Consult: Martin, Histoire de France, vols. ix., x.,

xi. (Boston, 1864-66); Mémoires of FontenayMareuil, La Rochefoucauld-Doudainville (Paris, 1861-64), and Saint-Simon (London, 1889); Topin, L'Europe et les Bourbons (Paris, 1868); Mémoires of Noailles (Paris, 1777); D'Argenson, Mémoires (London, 1893); and Bernis, Mémoires (Paris, 1878); De Broglie, Le secret du roi (Paris, 1879).

CONTI, AUGUSTO (1822-). An Italian philosophical writer, born near San Miniato in He studied law at several Italian Tuscany.

universities and practiced in Florence until 1848, when he enlisted as a volunteer for service against Austria. Subsequently he practiced law and taught philosophy in San Miniato; in 1855 was made professor of philosophy in Lucca; in 1863 professor of the history of philosophy in Pisa, and in 1864 professor of mental and moral include: Evidenza, amore e fede, o i criteri della philosophy in Florence. His published works filosofia (1862, and subsequent editions); Storia della filosofia (1864, and subsequent editions); L'armonia delle cosc (2 vols., 1878); Filosofia clementare (1869; ed. 9, 1879); Dio come ordinatore del mondo (1871); and Il vero nell' ordine (1876; 2d ed., 1891). In these and other works, Conti makes an earnest attempt to bring into agreement the teachings of different philosophical schools.

CONTI, NICCOLÒ DEL. An Italian traveler of the fifteenth century. He learned Oriental languages and carried on an extensive traffic in the India, and later gave a complete account of his East. He traveled in Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and travels to Poggio Bracciolini, secretary of Pope Eugenius IV. Poggio's manuscript relating first published in 1723, under the title His

the observations and adventures of Conti was

toria de Varietate Fortuna. Conti was one of the pioneers of European commerce in the East, and one of the first to advocate the idea of find

ing a western way by sea to the Eastern countries. Consult Giardina, I viaggi di Niccolò de' Conti (Catania, 1898).

CONTINENT (ML. continens, from Lat. continere, to touch, from com-, together + tenere, to hold). The largest natural land division; of greater area than an island or peninsula. The outer portion of the earth is composed of two layers, the solid rocky crust, or 'lithosphere,' and the water areas, or 'hydrosphere.' In the early period of its history the earth may have been surrounded entirely by the hydrosphere, but at present, and, so far as known, in all geological ages, the crust has been folded into mountain chains, forming nuclei around which the continental land areas are grouped, while the waters have accumulated in the intermediate depressions. Geographers usually recognize as Continents Eurasia (comprising Europe and Asia), Africa, Australia, North America, and South America; the two Americas, however, are sometimes grouped as a single continent. although such a classification is hardly justifiable unless Africa be included with the Eurasian continent. A sixth continent may be represented by the land areas in the Antarctic region (q.v.). It is estimated that the land constitutes about 55,000,000 square miles, or 28 per cent. of the entire surface of the earth. The continents vary widely in form, area, relief, and distribution on the globe, yet they may have many features

in common. Usually the regions of greatest elevation are found in the interior, while along the coast line there is a gentle slope outward which, continued beneath the sea, forms a slightly submerged land strip called the 'continental shelf.' On the seaward edge of the shelf the slope is very rapid down to the great depths of the sea. The average altitude of the continents, according to the calculations of Lapparent, Murray, Penck, Supan, and Heiderich, is shown below:

ESTIMATED AVERAGE ELEVATIONS OF THE CONTINENTS

Between the form and distribution of the continents many interesting comparisons may be drawn. The two Americas, comprising the greater part of the land area in the New World, are triangular in shape, the apex of the one lying in the Isthmus of Panama and the apex of the other being represented by Cape Horn. Both continents are bounded on the west by a long mountain system and both have a region of lower elevation in the eastern portion. The Old World, on the other hand, is composed of a single triangular land area which has its base on the Arctic Sea and its apex at the Cape of Good Hope. Here the main trend of the mountain chains is east and west. In general, the

continents that extend into or lie within the Southern Hemisphere-South America, Africa, and Australia-are most regular, contrasting strongly in this particular with North America and Eurasia in the Northern Hemisphere. The northern continents have a wider extension from east to west than the southern, and are further characterized by a great group of islands lying along the southeastern coast.

That the great land areas are not stable either as to form or elevation may be regarded as established beyond doubt by geological evidence. Moreover, certain coastal regions are known at the present time to be undergoing changes of level by which land emerges above or sinks below the sea. The extent of these oscillations in past ages can only be conjectured. Lyell's theory that there has been a constant interchange between the land and water areas has been objected to on the ground that there is no evidence that the abysmal depths of the ocean have ever been elevated; this objection has been weakened, however, by the discovery within continental areas of deposits abysmal in character and contain ing a deep-sea fauna. The changes of level between the land and the sea take place very slowly, and may be caused either by gradual vertical movement of the land area or by variations in the level of the ocean itself. Geologists generally agree that the positions of the present continents were determined as far back as Archæan times. The Laurentian plateau of North America, the Brazilian highlands of South America, and the Scandinavian Peninsula and Lap

land in Europe are composed of crystalline rocks, and except on the margins they are bare of all sediments. These primitive lands were extended in area by the deposition of sedimentary strata on their borders, and by great upheavals accompanied by foldings of the crust into mountain ranges.

The evolution of the continental lands can be studied only tentatively, and is largely conjectured from the evidence afforded by the characters of the fauna and flora that lived in past ages. During the Cretaceous and Tertiary times the animal and plant life of South America, South Africa, and India were strikingly similar, while there was also a uniformity between the life-forms of Europe and North America. This circumstance can best be explained by the assumption that in these periods the continents had an east and west trend, so that Brazil, Central Africa, and Lower India were united by one broad land-strip, and eastern Canada with Europe by another. Between the northern and southern continents an ocean basin extended from the isthmus of Central America eastward to the Indian Ocean, or nearly at right angles to the basin now occupied by the Atlantic. The changes by which the continents assumed their present form took place gradually and were accomplished by a slow depression of portions of the land and by encroachment of the sea. It is probable that certain regions for a long time remained above sea-level as large islands, the unsubmerged remnants of which still exist, for example, in the Cape Verde and Canary islands, in the British Isles, and in Madagascar. These changes were doubtless completed before the appearance of mankind; at least within historical times, so far as is known, there has been no marked alteration in the form of the continents.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde (Leipzig, 1885-1900); Neumayr, Erdgeschichte (Leipzig, 1895); Mill, The Realm of Nature (New York, 1895); Mill, The International Geography (New York, 1900). See GEOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; AMERICA; EUROPE; ASIA; AFRICA; AUSTRALIA.

CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. See UNITED

STATES.

CONTINENTAL SYSTEM. The name given to the commercial policy adopted by Napoleon for the purpose of shutting England out from all connection with the Continent of Europe, and thus compelling her to acknowledge the maritime law as established at the Peace of Utrecht. This system began with Napoleon's famous Berin Decree of November 21, 1806, which declared the British Islands in a state of blockade and prohibited all commerce or correspondence with them; every Englishman found in a country occupied by French troops or by their allies was declared a prisoner of war; all merchandise belonging to an Englishman was made lawful prize; and all trade in English goods was entirely prohibited. No ship coming directly from England, or from a British colony, was allowed to enter any port; and any ship seeking by false declarations to evade this regulation was confiscated with its cargo as if British property. England was not long in making reprisals. By an Order in Council, January 7, 1807, all neutral vessels were prohibited from trading from port to port within France or any country in alliance with it or under its control. Every neutral ves