country where the Testator disposes; for otherwise the foreigner would, when out of his own country, be prevented from making his will, in consequence of the impossibility of having recourse to the forms required by the Law of his Domicil; the laws determining the forms in which a will is to be made do not affect the capacity of the Testator, but only the external solemnities which are to accompany the expression of his wishes.

The property in that case in France was personalty (see p. 22 of Appellant's case), and nothing is said as to any property elsewhere. The Civil Tribunal of the Seine (whose decree was upheld by the Royal Court of Paris) says in its decree (see p. 23), Whereas the property composing the succession of Quartin existing in France is purely personal, and personalty in principle follows the condition and capacity of the person; and the Court recognized and applied to the will the personal statute of the Testator. It is thus clear that if he had died intestate, the Court would have applied his personal law to his succession and it is by no means to be inferred from the Court of Cassation rejecting the Appeal, on the ground that the Court of Paris had not violated any law by upholding the holograph will, that the Court would have set aside an Englishman's will made in the forms prescribed by his personal law disposing of personalty following his capacity, and not situate in France.

D'HERVAS.-Court of Cassation.-A Frenchwoman, in 1812, married a Spaniard at Madrid, and thereby became a foreigner. Soon afterwards the parties came to and established themselves in France, and acquired real estate there.

In 1820 the wife acknowledged herself indebted jointly with her husband to M. Bonnar, and as security she mortgaged the estate belonging to her.

The wife pleaded nullity of the obligation, on the ground that it was not valid by the Spanish Law.

The Court of Paris held that, there being clear evidence of a Domicil de facto in France, the contract was to be judged according to the French Laws.

The Court of Cassation said in its decree that the question in that case did not relate to the status of Madame D'Hervas (the wife), but to the validity of a contract entered into in France by a foreigner who had a domicil there, and was the owner of realty there.

In the next attendu the Court says that if the 3rd Article (of the Code) declares that the laws concerning the status and the capacity of persons govern Frenchmen, even when resident in a foreign country, it does not contain any similar or analcgous disposition in favour of foreigners resident in France, whence it results that the decree attacked cannot have violated that Article.

Unless a very qualified meaning is to be attached to that attendu of the Court, it is overruled by the later decisions of the same Court in the cases of Connolly and Quartin, in which the doctrine is clearly

recognized that whatever relates to the status of the foreigner, and to the extent and limitation of his rights and of his capacity, is governed by the personal statute, which follows the person wherever he goes.

In the next attendu the Court says that realty possessed by foreigners in France is, according to the terms of the same Article, governed by the French Laws.

There was, therefore, in that case, a de facto Domicil, sufficient for the regulation of contracts of the jus gentium, and, moreover, the contract related to realty in France, as to which the 3rd Article of the Code says, "Realty, even that possessed by foreigners, is governed by the French Law."

DUBOIS DE CHEMANT.-Court of Paris.-This case was decided in 1836. The Testator, a Frenchman by origin, died at London a naturalized Englishman.

A decree of 26th of August, 1811, deprived the Frenchman, naturalized in a foreign country without the authorization of the French Government, of the enjoyment of his civil rights and of the ownership of his property; and the Court decided in this case, that that decree had been abrogated by the Law of the 14th July, 1819, which abolished the droit d'aubaine, and granted to the foreigner the power of disposing and of receiving in France.

The Court of Cassation decided that thus the Testator, who had become a foreigner by his naturalization in England, had had since the Law of 1819 the capacity of disposing of his property situate in France. And the Court further decided that his succession was to be governed by the Law of England, which had become the Law of his Domicil.

DE BONNEVAL.-Court of Cassation.-This case was decided in 1843. The Court of Cassation rejected an Appeal from the Royal Court of Rouen, which had decided that the will of a Frenchman made in England, in compliance with the forms prescribed by the English Law, was a valid will within the terms of the 999th Article of the Civil Code, which enables a Frenchman in a foreign country either to make his will in the holograph form, or by authentic act, with the forms used in the place where that document is drawn up.

Here follow the letters of the President and opinion of the French Advocates referred to at p. 225.

Tribunal de 1re Instance du Département de la Seine.

Cabinet de M. le Président.

Monsieur,-Par votre lettre datée du 15 Juin, 1857, vous me demandez de vous indiquer plusieurs des avocats les plus anciens et les plus éminents du barreau de Paris, à l'effet de vous donner une con

sultation sur des difficultés élevées à l'occasion de l'ouverture en France d'une succession Anglaise. Je ne vois aucun inconvénient à répondre officieusement à votre demande : en conséquence voici les noms des avocats dont la connaissance et la capacité peuvent vous inspirer une entière confiance.

MM. de Vatimesnil, Demangeat, Chaix d'Est Ange, Berryer, Dupin, Paillard de Villeneuve, Bethmont, Odilon Barrot, Marie et Lionville.

Veuillez recevoir, Monsieur, l'assurance de mes sentiments les plus distingués.

Le Président du Tribunal civil de la Seine.

Monsieur Digweed, Avocat Anglais,
Rue du Colisée, 3, Paris.

BENOITCHAMPY.

Devant le "Judicial Committee" du très Honorable
Conseil Privé de Sa Majesté.

BREMER v. FREEMAN et BREMER.

Dans les biens meubles de Fanny Calcraft, célibataire, décédée. ONT comparu personnellement Antoine François Henri de Vatimesnil, Avocat à la Cour Impériale de Paris, Ancien Avocat-Général à la Cour de Cassation, Ancien Ministre de l'Instruction Publique, demeurant à Paris, Rue St. Dominique, St. Gerinain; Charles Demangeat, Docteur en Droit, Avocat, Professeur à l'Ecole de Droit de Paris, demeurant Rue d'Enfer, No. 11, à Paris ; Eugène Bethmont, Ancien Ministre de Justice, Ancien Président du Conseil d'Etat, Ancien Bâtonnier de l'Ordre des Avocats, demeurant à Paris, Rue des Capucines, No. 3; Pierre Antoine Berryer, Ancien Bâtonnier de l'Ordre des Avocats, demeurant à Paris, Rue Neuve des Petits-Champs, No. 64; Felix Silvestre Jean Baptiste Lionville, Bâtonnier de l'Ordre des Avocats, demeurant à Paris, Rue des Moulins, No. 19; Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot, Avocat à la Cour Impériale de Paris, Ancien Garde des Sceaux, Ancien Président du Conseil des Ministres, demeurant à Paris, Rue de la Ferme des Mathurins, No. 24; Alexandre Thomas Marie, Avocat à la Cour Impériale de Paris, Ancien Bâtonnier, Ancien Ministre, demeurant à Paris, Rue Neuve des Petits-Champs, No. 64; André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin, Avocat à la Cour Impériale de Paris, Ancien Procureur Général à la Cour de Cassation, Ancien Président de la Chambre des Députés, demeurant á Paris, Rue du Bac, No. 118; Adolphe Victor Paillard de Villeneuve, Avocat à la Cour Impériale de Paris, Membre du Conseil de l'Ordre des Avocats, demeurant à Paris, Rue Louvois, No. 4; et Gustave Adolphe Chaix d'Est VOL. IV.

R

Ange, Avocat à la Cour Impériale de Paris, Avocat de la Maison de l'Empereur, Ancien Député, demeurant à Paris, Rue St. George, No. 15; et ont séparément fait serment, Qu'étant informés que Fanny Calcraft, la défunte, était née à Calcutta aux Indes Orientales, en l'année 1795, et qu'elle était l'enfant légitime de parens Anglais, Qu'elle a commencé à résider animo manendi à Paris en l'année 1838, et qu'elle a fait son testament dans cette ville en 1842, conformément à la loi Anglaise, Qu'elle est morte à Paris en 1853, Qu'elle n'était pas naturalisée en France, Qu'elle n'avait pas obtenu du gouvernement Français l'autorisation d'établir son domicile en France aux termes de l'article 13 du Code Civil de ce pays, Ils sont positivement d'avis que d'après la loi Française la défunte n'a jamais acquis en France un domicile de nature à faire régir par la loi de ce pays son testament ou la forme de son testament, Que conséquemment si ce testament est fait en conformité avec la loi Anglaise, la défunte ne serait pas jugée être morte intestat.

BERRYER,

Ancien Bâtonnier.

CH. DEMANGEAT.
MARIE,

Ancien Bâtonnier.

L. DE VATIMESNIL.
DUPIN,

Ancien Bâtonnier.

BETHMONT,

Ancien Bâtonnier de l'Ordre des
Avocats de Paris, &c.

FELIX LIONVILLE,

Bâtonnier.

ODILON BARROT.

PAILLARD DE Villeneuve.

G. CHAIX D'Est Ange.

CHAPTER XV.

JUS PERSONARUM-STATUS.

CCCLII. WE have now considered the nature of Origin and Domicil, two personal ties which bind the individual to a particular territorial jurisdiction.

This consideration, however, has not carried us far on the way to the goal which is the end of our enquiry-viz. What positive law ought to govern the jural relations of a foreigner? Even if this law were, which it is not, necessarily identical with the jurisdiction of the forum, there are other causes or sources of that jurisdiction besides Origin and Domicil.

When Donellus is speaking, in his admirable Commentaries, on "Ubi subjiciatur quisque ex personâ suâ jurisdic"tioni," he says, "Jure communi omnino quatuor res sunt,

quæ eos qui ex persona sua conveniuntur, jurisdictioni ❝ejus apud quem agitur subjiciunt: quæ eædem faciunt, "ut judicis jurisdictio sit de eâ re de quâ agitur; sive ut "sit competens judex quem quærimus: apud quem pro"pterea quisque agere et conveniri debeat. Sunt autem "hæ res totidem subeundæ jurisdictionis causæ :—

"1. Domicilium litigatoris in territorio judicis consti

tutum.

66

"2. Obligatio, quâ de agitur, ibi contracta.

"3. Res ita sita de cujus proprietate aut possessione agitur.

4. Judicium ibi apud eum judicem cœptum" (a). CCCLIII. With reference however to this citation from

(a) De Jure Civ. lib. xvii. c. xii. 1.

Under this last head is established the position, that a person who has instituted a suit cannot afterwards decline the forum.