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Years.

Production, imports, and exports-Continued.

BUTTER AND CHEESE.

WOOL, COTTON, AND FLOUR.

Value

Wool.

Cotton.

Imports.

Exports.

Imports.

Exports.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Production. Austria. Pounds.

Pounds.

Flour.

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1880.

1881

1882.

1883.

1884.

1885.

1886.

1887

1888

1889.

1890.

333, 997

$55, 794

136, 998, 253

332, 233

55, 161

138,459, 462

268, 520

44,473

138,459, 462

229, 499

28,886

138, 310, 431

195, 768

24,702

185,407

27, 186

208, 555

202, 162

28,570
28, 187

153, 220

20, 565

149.472

19,717

16, 551, 475
14, 222, 756
12,952, 245
11, 026, 968
9,064, 654
9, 675, 108
10, 178.638
10, 218, 762
10,783, 580
12, 406, 827

$2,304, 113
1,967,838
1,787, 646
1, 229, 282
1, 013, 074
1,335, 188

3, 625, 685

141, 261, 068
137, 465, 628
137, 465, 628
148, 406, 176

3, 416, 248

$491, 433 470, 552

2, 145, 076

$238, 891

1.844, 809

204, 196

3,647, 511

528,903

1,373, 245

151, 626

4,363, 124

627, 612

1,582, 241

170,698

1,312, 336

4,573, 663
4, 421, 105
4, 160, 521

659, 557

2, 100, 102

227, 138

610, 123

2, 512, 362

260,034

469, 366

1,896, 838

152, 850

1,346, 029

4, 108. 493

455, 930

2,060, 199

163, 304

1, 394, 436

2.389, 566

309, 136

1,526, 686

116, 236

131,260

18,474

9, 095, 077

1,674, 143
1,288, 506

3 651, 479

3,719, 160

589,775
664, 876

1, 549, 172

140,948

1,316, 367

133, 953

1880

1881

1882

10,902, 188 11. 158, 362

1883

11, 157, 922

1884

11, 329, 439

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

13, 174, 469
17, 518, 413
23,567, 174
18, 844, 039

22, 012, 270

$1, 256. 819
1,498,962
1,987, 255
1,373, 508
1,720, 284

142, 287, 530
118,526, 130
75.955, 525
4, 764, 802

$3, 565, 385
2,951,836
1,905,296

286, 870, 709
269, 362, 658
400, 279, 963

$9, 850, 624

9, 441, 377 12,775, 491

104, 950,

412, 616, 463

12, 241, 492

3,029, 561

68, 263

337, 214. 734

8, 510, 060

17, 932, 763
16, 284, 845
19,734, 169
17, 564, 419

34, 183, 866

2, 797, 463

3,368, 849

69, 736

330, 623, 642

32, 427, 020

2, 154, 650

4,931. 249

89, 408

320, 563, 390

9, 125, 368
8,653, 546

45,743, 466

3, 247, 047

1,662. 709

30, 755

282, 924, 255

7, 287, 966

42, 140, 488;

2, 919, 864

160,936

2,375

454, 361, 446

9, 859, 112

18, 534, 18650, 539, 573

3, 451, 341

98,325

1,781, 388,512, 469

23, 760, 049 38, 610, 262

| 2,999, 007

128,969

2,929, 300, 915, 995

9, 278,436

8,038, 063

43, 427, 754
48, 451, 597
56, 168, 137
57, 585, 695
60, 700, 575
51, 331, 025
49, 923, 387
59, 085, 264

54, 205, 603
63, 311, 703
57, 136, 398

$14,965, 471
16,648, 193

16, 325, 187
15, 247, 275
15, 810, 080
10,448, 889
11, 615, 376
14, 956, 278
12, 733, 952
16, 686, 643
14, 833, 139

27, 352, 472
21, 754, 331
22, 294, 238
27, 547, 579
25,963, 133
21, 304, 593
29, 055, 526
15, 824, 619
20, 794, 890
29, 218, 005
21, 557, 902

$10, 836, 942
8, 130, 005
8,359, 868
9,822, 724
8,784, 225
5, 365, 736
8, 700, 394
5, 297, 288
6,356, 605
9,924,579
7,495, 049

153, 538, 265
175, 783, 120
171, 233, 487
229,092, 332
209, 134, 749
192, 534, 552
215,094, 004
253,904, 664
229, 193, 082
242, 747, 624
270, 523, 820

$17, 487, 674
18, 003, 934
17,863, 868
21,097, 887
19, 987, 159

BELGIUM.

The estimates of acreage and yield for Belgium are taken from the official annual publication Annuaire Statistique de la Belgique. The trade figures are tabulated from the official report, issued by the ministry of finance, Tableau Général du Commerce avec les Pays Étrangers. The annual estimates of crop production are prepared in a somewhat peculiar manner. The acreage is returned but once m ten years, but each year an estimate of the yield per acre of the various crops is made, it being assumed that the acreage does not materially change from year to year. In a country where agriculture is conducted upon such a settled and conservative basis as in Belgium, this method of estimating the production each year may be fairly satisfactory, but in a country like our own it would be of no value whatever. In the statements of production each year, which are presented in the tables that follow, the aggregate production has been obtained upon this basis by applying the estimated yield per acre each year to the acreage as ascertained in 1880. In the case of wheat the acreage returned is for winter, while the return of yield per acre each year is divided into spring wheat and winter wheat. It appears, however, from the official reports that the proportion of the spring wheat is very small, and in preparing the estimate of total product the yield of spring wheat has been disregarded entirely and the yield of winter wheat applied to the total wheat acreage. The average annual production of wheat for the ten years, 1881 to 1890, inclusive, is but little more than 18,000,000 bushels, while the production of spelt during the same period is a little more than 5,000,000 bushels, making a total production for the two grains of 23,000,000 bushels. In the trade statements the three grains, wheat, spelt, and maslin, are classed together, and there is a net importation of the three of about 19,000,000 bushels. The demand for consumption, which increases with the increasing population, appears to be met mainly by an increase in importation, the advance being 10,000,000 bushels between 1881 and 1890. The production and trade in rye are quite uniform from year to year, the crop averaging about 17,000,000 bushels, with a net importation of about 1,000,000 bushels. The record of commerce in barley includes malt as well. There is a slight tendency toward an increase in the production of oats, and a marked increase in the importation of oats, maize, buckwheat, which in the official volume are classed together. The potato crop averages nearly 100,000,000 bushels per annum, but even this product is not sufficient, and there is a net importation of 2,000,000 bushels each year. The production of tobacco appears to be declining, and as the product is ascertained upon the basis already explained, it might perhaps be assumed that allowance is made for some fluctuation. in acreage in the estimates of yield per acre which are presented in the official statement. Unless this be true, then it would appear that with two exceptions the season each year from 1880 to 1888 inclusive has

been less favorable to the crop year by year. In the imports of this product, in addition to leaf tobacco, tobacco ribs are included, and the same remarks apply to the export trade. With an annual production of 6,000,000 pounds, there is an annual net importation of more than 20,000,000 pounds of raw tobacco, but a considerable portion of this is reëxported in the shape of manufactured product.

In the trade in dairy products, Belgium is an importing country in butter, and the tendency is toward an increase of the balance that way. In 1881, the net importation amounted to 8,000,000 pounds, while in 1890 it was 23,000,000 pounds. The average for the period is nearly 21,000,000 pounds. In the cheese trade the balance is the same way, there being an average net importation of more than 4,000,000 pounds each year. Included in the statement of imports and exports of cheese, there appears in addition to cheese a statement that the figures cover also milk and common and white cheese. It is not possible to definitely separate the milk from the cheese, but it would appear that in the imports in 1881 about 8,700,000 pounds were cheese of the two descriptions given, the remainder being milk, while for the same year in the export statement only about 335,000 pounds out of the total given were cheese. If these proportions hold good throughout the period, then it appears that the importation of milk is small, but that in the export statement by far the larger portion of the amount stated is made up of milk. On this basis there is a very large net importation of cheese as well as of butter. In the wool trade there is but little fluctuation in the annual exports, but a tendency towards a decrease in the importation is appar ent. Taking the first five years of the decade, the imports averaged more than 100,000,000 pounds, while in the last five they averaged less than 90,000,000 pounds. In the statement of flour there is included not only flour of all kinds, but bran and other meal products. The trade is very nearly balanced, but the figures presented show a marked and very rapid advance in exports, with comparatively little change in imports throughout the period until 1890.

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