ftre: but rich Embroidery is loft, and not difcerned. Let the Dreffes be graceful, and becoming the Perfon, when the Vizard is off; but not common, as thofe of Turks, Soldiers, Sailors, &c.

4. Let the Anti-mafques be fhort; they have commonly confifted of The AntiFools, Satyrs, Baboons, Wild-men, Antiques, Beafts, Spirits, Witches, masque. Pygmies, Cupids, moving Statues, and the like. As for Angels, 'tis too ferious to put them in Anti-mafques; and any thing hideous, as Devils, Giants, &c. is as unfit.

5. Sweet Odours arifing fuddenly, without any Drops falling, are highly Perfumes. agreeable and refreshing in large Companies. Double Mafques, one of Men, another of Ladies, add State and Variety. But all is nothing, except the Room be kept clear and neat.

I.

ESSAY VIII. Of PETITIONERS, or SUITORS.

tions.

MANY ill Defigns and Projects are enter'd upon; and private The Doublecorrupt the publick Advantage. Many things alfo, good dealing practifed in Petiin themselves, are undertaken with a bad Intention; or with a finifter and crafty Purpose, not directed to the Execution. Some readily lay hold of Suits, and eagerly promife to forward them, without ever intending to do it but if they find the Business fucceed by the means of others; they will fish for Thanks, take a fecondary Reward, or at least, whilft the Affair is in hand, make their own Ufe of the Suitor's Hopes. Some embrace Suits merely with a View to cross the Purpose of another; or elfe fubtily to exhibit an Information, for which they could not otherwise have a proper Pretext; and this without regarding what becomes of their Suit, when that Turn is ferved or, in general, to make other Mens Business a Bridge to their own. Nay, fome act fo craftily as to undertake Suits, with a full Intent to drop them; and thus oblige their Competitor.

2. Certainly, if confider'd, every Suit is attended with a certain Right; Every Suit viz. a Right of Equity, if it be a Suit of Controverfy; or a Right of attended with a Right. Merit, if it be a Suit of Favour. When Affection leads a Man to favour the wrong Side in a Suit of Equity; let him rather ufe his Authority to compound the Matter, than to carry it. If Affection incline a Man to the lefs worthy in a Suit of Favour; let him not however calumniate the more deferving Perfon.

taken in

3. Suits which a Man does not well understand should be committed to Opinion to be fome Friend, of Fidelity and Judgment, for his Opinion, whether they doubtful may be honourably engaged in; but this Friend must be prudently chofe, Suits. to prevent being impofed upon.

4. The Suitors of these times are so harraffed with Delays and Abuses, Plain-dealing that Plain-dealing in rejecting their Suits at firft, and nakedly reporting reem'd a Fain Suits efthe Succefs, without laying claim to more Thanks than are merited, is be- vour. come not only a laudable thing, but a Favour.

The being first in a Petition of no great weight.

Cautions to

5. In Suits of Favour, to give in the first Petition fhould be a thing of no weight; tho fo far Regard may be had to the Fidelity of the first Petitioner, in making the Discovery, that if the Intelligence could not be otherwife procured, this fhould prove no Prejudice; but rather an Advantage to him. To be ignorant of the Value of the Thing fued for is Simplicity; as to neglect the Right thereof, argues a bad Confcience.

6. Secrecy in Suing is a great means of obtaining; for to boast of Hopes, be observed in tho it may difcourage fome Competitors, will quicken others. But Opporpetitioning tunity is the principal thing in Suits; not only with refpect to the Perfon,

Where a great

who has the Power of granting or refufing; but alfo with refpect to those who are likely to cross the Petition. In the Choice of the Perfon to whom the Care of the Suit is committed, regard Fitness before Greatness; and rather employ one that engages but in certain matters, than one that grafps at all. A repeated Denial is fometimes equal to a Grant, if the Petitioner appears neither dejected nor difcontented.

7. Ask a great thing to obtain a moderate one, is a good Rule, where a thing or a lefs Man ftands well in Favour; otherwise it were better gradually to rife to the Should be asked. main thing intended: for he who would have ventured at firft the Loss of his Suitor's Service, will not at laft willingly lofe both that and the Benefit of his Favours already conferr'd.

Letters of Recommendation.

General Contrivers of

Suits.

When beft to negotiate by Letter, and

8. It is thought a fmall matter to requeft the Recommendatory Letters of a great Perfon; yet if these be given in an unjuft or difhonourable Cause, they detract fo much from the Reputation of the Writer.

2. There is not a more pernicious Set of People in a State, than general Contrivers of Suits; for they are the Peft and Bane of publick Business.

I.

'TIS

ESSAY IX. Of NEGOTIATING.

IS generally better to negotiate by Speech, than by Letter; and by the Mediation of a third, than in ones own Perfon. Letwhen in Per- ters are ufeful, (1.) when an Anfwer is defired in Writing; (2.) when it fon. may be of service to produce ones own Copies; and, (3.) laftly, when there is Danger of being interrupted in Difcourfe, or heard by Piece-meal. On the other hand, it is better to negotiate in Perfon, (1.) when a Man's Face is apt to ftrike an Awe; as it generally does in difcourfing with Inferiors. (2.) In tender Points, where Direction may be taken by the Eye fixed upon the Countenance, how far to proceed: and, (3.) generally where a Man would referve to himself a liberty, either of difowning or explaining.

The Perfons

to

in negotia

ting.

2. In negotiating by others it is more prudent to choose plain Men, and so be employ'd fuch as are likely to perform the Truft repofed in them; and faithfully report the Succefs; than fuch as are cunning at contriving, out of other Mens Bufinefs, fomewhat of Honour or Advantage to themfelves; and foften the Anfwer they bring back, in order to please. Employ alfo fuch Perfons as affect the Bufinefs entrusted with them; for that is a Spur to Industry: and

again, fuch as are fit for the thing they undertake; as bold Men for Expoftulation; fair-fpoken Men for Perfuafion; crafty Men for strict Enquiry and Obfervation; refractory and fomewhat abfurd Men where matters are not quite fair, &c. Ufe alfo fuch as you have fuccefsfully employ'd before; for this breeds Confidence; and they will endeavour to maintain the Opinion conceived of them.

3. 'Tis more proper to found a Perfon at a distance, than to fall directly Directions for upon the Point at firft; except you mean to confound and furprize him by negotiating to fome fhort Queftion. It is better to negotiate with Men in purfuit, than advantage. with those who have obtained their Ends. If you negotiate with another upon Conditions, it is a principal Point who begins to perform firft. This one cannot reasonably demand of another; unless the Nature of the thing requires it to precede; or we can dextroufly perfuade the other, that he will want our Affiftance in fomething elfe; or unless ourselves are accounted Men of great Veracity and Integrity.

Men.

4. All Negotiating tends either to discover or to effect. Men difcover The Ways of themselves either in Confidence, Paffion, Surprize, or of Neceffity, when moulding they want a proper Pretext. If you would mould a Man to your Turn, you muft either well understand his Temper and Inclinations, and so lead him; or his Ends, and perfuade him; or his Weakness, and fo awe him; or elfe you must win over those that have greatest Interest in him, and fo govern him.

5. In negotiating with fubtile and crafty Perfons, no regard must be had How to nego to their Words; unless you have their Ends and Intentions to interpret them tiate with the Crafty. by. It is alfo the best way to fay little to them, and what they least expect.

6. In all Negotiations of Difficulty, a Man muft not hope to fow and Difficult Nereap at once; but should prepare Business, that it may ripen by de-gotiations not to be hurried. grees ".

I.

ESSAY X. Of PLANTATIONS.

Lantations are eminent amongst ancient and heroical Works. When Plantations the World was young it produced more Children; but now it is heroical old, it produces fewer: for we may reckon new Plantations to be the Chil- Works. dren of more ancient Nations. I approve of thofe Plantations where one People is not destroy'd to make room for another: otherwise it is an Extirpation, not a Plantation.

2. Planting of Countries refembles the planting of Woods; which is Hafly Profits attended with a Lofs of twenty Years Profits, tho richly rewarded in the the Bane of end. And the chief Bane of Plantations has been the fordid and hafty Plantations, catching at Profit in the beginning. Quick Returns indeed are not to be neglected, fo far as confifts with the Good of the Plantation, but no farther.

See the Doctrine of Bufinefs in the De Augment. Scientiar. SECT. XXIV.

3. 'Tis

Outlaws,&c.

Not to people 3. 'Tis bafe and unprofperous to plant with the Scum of a People, Outwith Felons, laws and condemn'd Malefactors. This alfo corrupts and destroys the Colony for fuch profligate Wretches will live like Vagabonds, and not work; but commit Outrages, confume Provifions, grow weary of the Place, and then write over to the Prejudice and Difcredit of the Plan

The Trades to plant with.

The Method

tation.

4. Let the People carried over be chiefly Gardeners, Ploughmen, Labourers, Smiths, Carpenters, Joiners, Fishermen, Chirurgeons, Apothecaries, Cooks, Bakers, Brewers, and the like.

5. First examine what kind of Efculents and Potulents the Country of planting yields fpontaneously; as Chefnuts, Walnuts, Pine-apples, Olives, Dates, Plumbs, Cherries, wild Honey, and the like. Then confider what kinds of efculent things the Soil will produce within the Year; as Parfnips, Carrots, Onions, Cabbage, Radishes, Melons, Pompions, Cucumbers, Jerufalem-Artichoaks, Maiz, &c. Wheat, Barley, and Oats require too much Labour: but Peafe and Beans may be begun with, both because they require lefs Labour, and serve for Meat, as well as for Bread. Rice likewife yields a large Increase; and is also a kind of Meat. But there fhould at first, be chiefly brought in, Plenty of Bifket, Oatmeal, Flower, Meal, &c. to ferve, till Bread may be procured upon the Spot.

The Beafts and Birds to

be carried

over.

The Husband

6. For beafts and Birds; take chiefly fuch as are leaft fubject to Difeafes, and breed the fafteft; as Swine, Goats, Cocks and Hens, Turkeys, Geese, House-doves, Rabbits, and the like. Fishing must be closely follow'd; both for the Support of the Colony, and alfo for the Profit upon Expor

tation.

7. The Provifions in a Plantation fhould be almoft as fparingly distriing required buted, as in a befieged Town; that is, by a certain Allowance. And let

in the Provi

fions.

The Commodities to be fought after.

the main part of the Ground be converted to Gardens or Corn-fields, for raifing a common Stock, to be preferv'd in publick Granaries, and difpenfed in proportion; whilst fome Spots however remain for Particulars to exercife their Industry upon.

8. Confider likewife what Commodities the Country naturally yields, that the Exportation thereof to the best Market, may help (as in the Cafe of Tobacco at Virginia) to defray the Charge of the Plantation: provided this be not, as we before obferved, to the untimely Prejudice of the Colony. Woods commonly abound in defart Countries; and therefore Timber ft for Building, Shipping, and the like Ufes, may prove a capital Commodity. If there be Iron-ore, and Streams for Mills, Iron is an excellent Commodity where Wood abounds. The making of Bay-Salt by the Heat of the Sun fhould be attempted, if the Climate be proper for it. The growing of vegetable Silk likewife upon the Spot is a gainful Business. Pitch of all forts may be made where there is Plenty of Firs and Pines. So again, Drugs and Sweet-woods, where they are found, yield confiderable Profit. Pot-afhes likewife may be gainful; and other things may be enquired after. But depend not too much upon Mines, efpecially at firft; for Mines are

very fallacious and expenfive, and by the pleafing Hope they afford, apt to render the Planters indolent in other refpects.

Plantation.

9. Let the Government of the Colony be committed to a fingle Perfon, The Governaffifted with Council: and let them have Commiffion to exercife Martial ment of the Laws, with fome Limitation. Above all, let Men make that Advantage of being in the Wilderness, as to have God always, and his Service, before their Eyes. The Government fhould not depend upon too many Counsellors, and Undertakers in the Plantation; but upon a moderate Number; and those rather of the Nobility and Gentry, than Merchants, who are too intent upon the present Gain. Let there be an abfolute Freedom from Customs and Impofts, till the Plantation be grown ftrong and full liberty of exporting Commodities to all parts allowed; unless there be fome weighty Reafon to the contrary.

not to be over

10. Let not the Colony be furcharged, by fending Company after Com- The Colony pany; but rather learn how they wafte; and only send Supplies propor- ftock'd. tionably; that the whole Number may live commodiously, without ftrugling with Want.

1. The building too near the Sea or Rivers, in marshy and damp Pla- To build from ces, has proved very prejudicial to the Health of many Plantations: and the Sea. therefore, tho it may be fometimes proper to begin in fuch Places, for the Convenience of Carriage, and other Advantages; yet build gradually up from the Water, towards the higher parts of the Country. It likewife imports the Health of the Plantation to have Plenty of Salt, for preferving their Meat, which might otherwise often corrupt.

to be treated.

12. When a Plantation is carried on among Savages, amuse them not The native wholly with Trifles; but oblige them by juft and courteous Ufage; tho Savages how without abating of any neceffary Guard. Neither procure their Favour by helping them to invade their Enemies: but to defend them when attack'd, may not be improper. 'Tis alfo of Ufe frequently to fend over fome of the Natives to the Mother-Country; that they may there fee a much better Way of living than their own; and publish it to their Fellows at their Return.

13. When the Plantation is grown to fome Strength, it will be time to When Women bring in Women; that the People may propagate within themselves, and are to be adnot always depend upon foreign Affistance.

mitted.

Trea-thing to aban

14. 'Tis a moft heinously wicked thing to forfake and abandon a Plan- A heinous tation once in Forwardnefs: for befides the Difhonour, 'tis mere chery, and being guilty of the Blood of many miserable Men".

See more upon this Subject in the Author's Letter to King James, concerning the Planting of Ireland, Vol. I. Supplem. V. See alfo the Prudent Statefman, Vol. II. Supplem. XIII.

don an advanced Plan tation.

VOL. II.

7

X

ESSAY