certain members of the Royal Family to contract a marriage except under certain conditions; and the tribunals of this country refused to recognise a marriage duly and legally contracted, according to the lex loci contractús, by a member of that family, in a foreign land, but with respect to which these conditions had not been fulfilled: England has also, by the express provisions of a statute (k), rendered it unlawful for any of her subjects, "wheresoever "residing," to be the possessor or purchaser of a slave even in any State. Upon this subject also an indelible personal incapacity is by this law impressed upon the Englishman, and though the penalty of infringing it cannot be inflicted upon him while he is resident in a State which permits slavery, it will reach him whenever he comes within the jurisdiction of England.

XXV. But where these Exceptional Restrictions do not apply, a State can then (to borrow the phrase of Vattel) perform an office for another nation without neglecting its duty towards itself: or rather Comity then assumes the character of a Jus Gentium Privatum; the general principle of which cannot be more happily conveyed than in the language (1) of Lord Stowell's celebrated judgment in Dalrymple v. Dalrymple, where, deciding in an English Court upon the validity of a Scotch marriage, he said, "Being entertained in an English Court, it must be ad"judicated according to the principle of English law applicable to such a case. But the only principle

66

(k) 6 & 7 Vic. c. 98, s. 1.

(1) 2 Haggard's Consist. Rep. p. 58. See also Townsend v. Jamison, 9 Howard's Amer. Rep. p. 407; 18 Curteis's Amer. Rep. p. 202. The following passages, from this judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States of North America, are worthy of all consideration :

"It has become, as we have always said, a fixed rule of the jus gentium privatum, unalterable, in our opinion, either in England or in the States of the United States, except by legislative enactment,when there is no positive rule affirming, denying, or restraining the operation of Foreign Laws, courts establish a Comity for such as are not repugnant to the policy or in conflict with the laws of the State from which they derive their organization."

applicable to such a case by the law of England is, that "the validity of the marriage rights must be tried by "reference to the law of the country where, if they exist "at all, they had their origin.

"Having furnished this principle, the law of England "withdraws altogether, and leaves the legal question to "the exclusive judgment of the law of Scotland."

The principal sources of Private International Law are the following:

I. Writers on General or Public International Law-they have rarely or very incidentally touched upon Comity or Private International Law :

Grotius, pp. 416-593, 595, 675-697.

Pufendorf, De Jure N. et G. lib. ii. c. iii. p. 150, fol. ed.

Bynkershoek, De Foro Legatorum, c. ii.

Günther, Europäisches Völkerrecht, pp. 30, 31.

Zouch, De Jure Feciali sive de judicio inter gentes, iii.

Vattel, liv. ii. c. viii.

Martens, Dr. des Gens, liv. iii. c. iii. ss. 93, 98, 99, 100.
Heffter, s. 35.

II. Civilians or commentators on the Roman Law-they have occasionally dealt with this question :—

Bartolus, in Codicem, lib. i. c. De Summá Trinitate, n. 13-51. This is the fountain of Private International Jurisprudence. Without a careful study of this Commentary, nobody can be thoroughly versed in the history of the progress of the principles of Private International Law. Who would have expected such a treatise in a Gloss on the words "cunctos populos" in a chapter De Summâ Trinitate?

J. Voet, in his Commentary on the Pandects, lib. i. t. iv. De Constitut. Princ., at part ii. De Statutis, ss. 1-22.

Huberus, Prælect. ad Pandectas, treats De Conflictu Legum in an Appendix to lib. i. t. iii. De Legibus, ss. 1–15.

Mühlenbruch, Doctrina Pandectarum, lib. i. c. iv. De ratione qua inter plures leges vel concurrentes vel secum dissidentes intercedit, pp. 148-159 (A.D. 1830).

Puchta, Instit. I. 360, explains Jus Gentium.

Savigny, System des R. Rechts, I. s. 22 (112–119), explains Jus Gentium, showing how it affected the jus civile. Here Jus Gentium is in fact Comity.

III. Writers on Municipal Law treating incidentally of Private International Law :

B. D'Argentré, Comment. ad patrias Britonum leges. The 218th Article of the Customs of Bretagne ordains that no one shall leave away from his natural heirs more than one-third of his immoveable property. Thereupon arose the question whether immoveables situated out of Bretagne ought to be included in this third. D'Argentré, in the sixth Gloss upon the 218th Article, enters fully into the question of the collision of laws, pp. 601-620. The work was published after his death, A.D. 1608.

C. Rodenburg, De Jure Conjugum. The question of the Collision of Laws is treated of at length in his Præliminaria, pp. 13–178 (a.D. 1653).

D'Aguesseau, xiii. 639, Mémoire sur l'exécution des Contrats passés et jugemens rendus en pays étrangers, ib. 638; Mémoire sur l'exécution des jugemens entre les Souverains.

Massé, Le Droit Commercial dans ses rapports avec le Droit des Gens et le Droit Civil, tome ii. c. i. Des Relations Internationales Individuelles, ou Du Droit International Privé (A.D. 1874, 3rd ed.).

Merlin, Répertoire de Jurisprudence; tit. " Etranger" and "Souveraineté."

M. Cochin, Euvres complètes, édit. Paris, 1821.

Demolombe, Cours de Code Civil, tome i. tit. i. c. iii. Quelle est la condition juridique des étrangers en France, and tit. iii. Du Domicile, A.D. 1845.

Demangeat, Histoire de la condition civile des Etrangers en France, A.D. 1844.

Legat, Code des Etrangers, ou Traité de la Législation Française concernant les Etrangers, A.D. 1832.

Thöl, Das Handelsrecht, 1. Einleitung, A.D. 1847.

Puttlingen, Die gesetzliche Behandlung der Ausländer in Oesterreich. Kent's Comment. on American Law, I. 187.

Bell's Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland in relation to Mercantile and Maritime Law, vol. i. Introduction; vol. ii. p. 1294. International Law relating to Bankruptcy, ed. Shaw, a.d. 1858.

Cole, On Domicil of Englishmen in France, A.D. 1857.

Franck, De Bodmeria, Lübeck, 1862.

Das Handels-, See-, und Wechselrecht von Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Endemann, p. 487 (in the Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft u. s. w. von Dr. Franz von Holtzendorff, Prof. der Rechte in Berlin, 1873). He "Das Handelsrecht im weitesten Sinne umfasst alle auf den Handel bezügliche Normen, auch die des öffentlichen Rechts, welche die staatsrechtliche administrative, so wie namentlich die internationale Regelung des Handels betreffen."

says:

Boulay-Patey Cours de Droit Commercial Maritime, Paris, 1854. Papers on Maritime Legislation, with a translation of the German Mercantile Law relating to Maritime Commerce, by E. E. Wendt. 2nd ed. 1871.

Das allgemeine Deutsche Handelsgesetzbuch u. s. w., mit Kommentar, herausgegeben von H. Makower. Berlin, 1885.

IV. Writers on Private International Law, per se:

P. Voet, De Statutis eorumque concursu, ss. 4, 9, 10, 11, upon the Collision of Statutes (A.D. 1661).

J. N. Hertius, De Collisione Legum (A.D. 1688). opuscul. vol. i. pp. 118-154.

Comment. et

L. Boullenois, Taité de la personnalité et de la réalité des Loix, &c. (1766, A.D.). It is a French translation with considerable additions of Rodenburg's work.-D. Meier, De Conflictu Legum (A.D. 1810).

G. V. Struve, Ueber das positive Rechtsgesetz in seiner Beziehung auf räumliche Verhältnisse (A. D. 1834).

W. Schüffner, Entwickelung des internationalen Privatrechts (A.D. 1841).

Pütter, Das praktische Europäische Fremdensrecht, A.D. 1845.

Wächter wrote some excellent numbers, "Ueber die Collision der Privatrechtsgesetze," in a German publication entitled “Archiv für die civilistische Praxis," 24th and 25th volumes (A.D. 1841-2).

Rocco: Dell' uso e autorità delle leggi del Regno delle Due Sicilie considerate nelle relazioni con le persone e col territorio degli Stranieri (A.D. 1837).

Felix, Du Droit International Privé, ou du Conflit des Lois de différentes Nations en matière de Droit Privé (edition by M. Demangeat in 1856).

Henry, Judgment in Odwin v. Forbes, a.d. 1823.

Story, Commentary on the Conflict of Laws, ed. 1872.

Burge, Commentaries on Colonial and Foreign Laws generally, and in their conflict with each other and the Law of Englund, A.D. 1838. R. Phillimore, The Law of Domicil, a.d. 1847.

Westlake, Private International Law, A.D. 1880.

Savigny, System des heutigen Römischen Rechts, Achter Band, A.D.

1849.

This eighth volume of the author's great work is entirely occupied with Private International Law.

Bar, Das internationale Privat- und Strafrecht. Hannover, 1862. Lawrence, Commentaire sur les Eléments du Droit International, &c. de Wheaton, Tome iii. Leipzig, 1873.

Wharton, On the Conflict of Laws, Philadelphia, 1872.

V. The decisions of Courts of Justice of Independent States upon questions involving a conflict of Laws. See Brightly's decisions of the American Federal Courts: title, "Conflict of Laws."

VI. Lex Mercatoria of Independent States.

VII. Civil Codes of States into which express provisions on the subject of Private International Law have been incorporated.

CHAPTER II.

PLAN OF THE WORK.

XXVI. IN the former Chapter it has been stated that the Judge who has to decide as to a particular Jural Relation which comes into contact with the laws of divers States, ought, as a general rule, to arrive at his decision by applying to that particular Jural Relation that positive law to which it is, according to its true nature, properly subject. All positive law is derived from a State (a), that is, from a particular defined territory occupied by a particular people, governed by their own Ruler.

The enquiry, therefore, to what positive law a particular Jural Relation is, according to its own nature, subject, necessarily involves the further enquiry as to the territory from which the positive law is derived. This necessarily leads to a further enquiry as to what are the ties which bind an individual (persona), and all that appertains to his personal rights (Status, l'état du droit, Rechtszustand), to a particular territory so as to subject him to its laws.

XXVII. We may consider the individual (persona) in himself, with his personal rights, abstractedly; that is, without reference to other considerations than the actual place in which he corporeally exists or resides; and then these ties appear to be of a twofold character, arising out of

1. Origin;

2. Domicil.

It is by reference to the positive law of his Origin or his Domicil, that the personal state or legal condition of

(a) Vol. i. pt. i. c. i.