ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. PLATE I. Ante-mortem inspection of cattle.. II. Ante-mortem inspection of sheep-. III. Inspection of beef carcasses at time of slaughter. V. Condemned meat room.... VI. Marking inspected and passed carcasses_ VII. Sides of beef, showing location of inspection marks_ X. Inspection of sheep carcasses_. XII. Viscera inspection of hog carcasses_ XI. Head inspection of hog carcasses.. XIII. Sausage-chopping room XIV. Sausage-stuffing room XV. Packing chipped beef under Government supervision. XVI. Tubercle bacilli of human origin______ Page. 70 70 70 74 74 78 78 78 78 86 86 86 94 94 94 142 XVII. Tubercle bacilli of human and bovine origin___ 142 XVIII. Tubercle bacilli from hog, dog, and deer____ 142 XIX. Tubercle bacilli of monkey, peccary, chicken, and parrot__ 142 XX. Fig. 1.-Head of osteoporotic horse. Fig. 2.-Osteoporotic horse_ XXIV. Arrangement of heating wires, cooling pipes, etc__ 270 TEXT FIGURES. FIG. 1. Facsimile of mark placed upon meat which has been inspected 8. Cross section of barn shown in fig. 6, looking toward front____ 10. Cross section showing details of construction of stable shown in 294 11. Floor plan of stable for 36 cows, with semidetached milk house- 294 Page. FIG. 12. Cross sections of stable shown in fig. 11. 295 13. Floor plan of two-story stable for 24 cows.. 295 14. Longitudinal section of stable shown in fig. 13, showing system 296 15. Floor plan and cross section of stable for 26 cows, showing box 296 16. Longitudinal section of stable shown in fig. 15.--. 17. Floor plan of two-story stable for 50 cows.. 297 297 18. End elevation and detail of construction of stable shown in fig. 17 19. Sanitary stall construction with iron-pipe fittings and chain-hanging stanchions -- 298 298 20. Stall with movable wooden floor and fastening for same_ 299 26. Details of construction of modified Wisconsin silo, shown in fig. 24 27. Details showing construction of doors of silo when not made con 304 tinuous 305 28. Floor plan of small dairy house suitable for dairy of 20 cows.. 29. Floor plan of small plant for certified milk--- 305 306 30. Floor plan showing arrangement of equipment in small dairy house suitable for dairy of 30 cows- 306 31. Floor plan of small ice house and milk room.... 307 32. Cross section of ice house and milk room shown in fig. 31. 307 33. Floor plan of creamery for whole milk___ 308 34. Floor plan of creamery and city milk plant....... 35. Front elevation of creamery and city milk plant shown in fig. 34. 308 30S TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1906. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, Washington, D. C., September 27, 1906. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the operations of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906, together with plans and recommendations for the future. Respectfully, Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. A. D. MELVIN, INTRODUCTION. For the first two and a half months of the fiscal year covered by this report the work of the Bureau was under the direction of Dr. D. E. Salmon as chief, and for the remainder of the period it has been in charge of the writer. Doctor Salmon, after continuous service in the position of chief for more than twenty-one years, beginning with the organization of the Bureau in 1884, resigned that position early in September, 1905, and his resignation was accepted by you, to take effect November 1. The writer, who was assistant chief at the time of Doctor Salmon's resignation, was in charge of the Bureau work as acting chief from the middle of September (when Doctor Salmon relinquished the active management in order to complete some special work before his retirement), and was appointed chief on December 1. The organization of the Bureau at the beginning of the fiscal year, as for some time before, consisted of ten divisions, or offices, as follows: The Inspection Division, in charge of the meat inspection, the inspection of animals for interstate shipment and for export, the inspection and supervision of vessels carrying export animals, and the eradication of contagious diseases; the Quarantine Division, charged with the inspection and quarantine of imported animals and with keeping the accounts of the Bureau; the scientific laboratories, comprising the Pathological, Biochemic, and Zoological Divisions; and the Dairy Division, the Experiment Station, the Animal Husbandry Office, the Editorial Office, and the Library, each carrying on work of the character indicated by its title. For the future some of the assignments of work have been slightly changed. The inspection of animals for export as well as of those imported and the inspection and supervision of vessels carrying export animals has been placed under the Quarantine Division, and that division has been relieved of the accounting work, which has been transferred to the newly organized Office of Accounts. The work of the Inspection Division has been subdivided, the meat inspection being placed in one section and the inspection of animals for interstate shipment and the eradication of contagious diseases in another. The work of the Dairy Division has been arranged in a more orderly manner by subdivision into several sections. On January 6, 1906, the Bureau sustained the loss by death of its editor, Mr. George Fayette Thompson, who, in addition to his editorial duties, had charge of the Bureau's work relating to Angora and milch goats. Since his death the latter portion of his work has been transferred to the Animal Husbandry Office. The total appropriations for the Bureau's work for the fiscal year amounted to $1,603,000. On July 1, 1906, there were 1,455 employees on the rolls of the Bureau. THE MEAT INSPECTION. The meat inspection, as in previous years, has been the largest branch of the Bureau's work. In this service more than half the members of the Bureau force are engaged and more than half the appropriation for the year was expended. As the conditions at the Chicago stock yards and packing houses have been so prominently before the public during recent months, it may be well to point out certain facts regarding the meat-inspection service as conducted by the Bureau. Until the passage of the new meat-inspection law on the last day of the fiscal year (June 30, 1906), the inspection was carried on under the act of March 3, 1891, as amended by the act of March 2, 1895. That law provided for 1. The inspection of all live cattle which were intended for export or whose carcasses or products were intended for export. 2. (a) The mandatory ante-mortem inspection of cattle, sheep, and hogs which were subjects of interstate commerce and which were about to be slaughtered at slaughterhouses, canning, salting, packing, or rendering establishments in any State or Territory, the carcasses or products of which were to be transported and sold for human consumption in any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia. (b) The additional permissive post-mortem examination of carcasses of all cattle, sheep, and hogs about to be prepared for human consumption at any slaughterhouse, canning, salting, packing, or rendering establishment in any State or Territory or the District of Columbia and which were the subjects of interstate commerce. In other words, the ante-mortem inspection was made mandatory, while the post-mortem examination was only discretionary. Some of the defects and limitations of this law should be noted to give an idea of the disadvantages under which the inspection has been conducted. In the first place, the law required the ante-mortem inspection of all cattle, sheep, and swine slaughtered at certain classes of establishments the carcasses or products of which were to enter interstate commerce, but no specific provision was made for funds with which to perform this work, and the annual appropriation has never been sufficient to enable the Bureau to cover all establishments carrying on an interstate business. Indeed, many establishments which applied for inspection had to be refused on account of lack of money to carry on the work. While the law authorized the marking of meats and products which on inspection were found free from disease and wholesome, and prohibited the interstate shipment of meats and products found diseased and unwholesome, it made no provision and gave no authority for marking and rendering unfit for food purposes the diseased and unwholesome carcasses and products. As a matter of fact, however, it has long been the practise of the Bureau to require the destruction of all condemned carcasses and parts, though in case of the refusal of the proprietor to comply with such orders there was no remedy except to withdraw inspection. It is very doubtful whether the law gave any authority for following up meats after they had once been inspected and passed immediately after slaughter, or for condemning any such meat which might afterwards become unwholesome or unclean before or during the process of canning or packing or before being placed on the market. But whether the law gave any such authority or not is a purely academic question, since the lack of funds made it impossible to extend the inspection to cover all the processes of curing, canning, packing, etc. No authority whatever to control the sanitation of the establishments or to prevent adulteration or the use of chemicals and preservatives was given by the law. The inspection was therefore practically confined to the ante-mortem inspection of animals and the inspection of the carcasses immediately after slaughter. The meat found free from disease and |