Both

When anthraquinone is heated with oil of vitriol, disulphoanthraquinonic acid is formed, and this decomposed by caustic potash yields the potassium salt of alizarine, from which hydric chloride liberates the alizarine. Artificial alizarine is entirely identical with the colouring matter obtained from the madder root. of these products crystallise in needles which are usually curved, especially when small. They dissolve in caustic alkalis, forming violet solutions of the same tint. When applied to mordanted fabrics, they produce exactly the same colours, bearing the treatment with soap equally, and resisting in the same degree the influence of light. Their alkaline solutions show identical absoption bands in the spectrum. Both yield phtalic acid when treated with hydric nitrate. As a substitute for madder, artificial alizarine has been objected to, on the ground that pure alizarine alone will not produce the madder colours, other colouring matter being required. But Schunk says that, after a long course of experiments, he has been led to the conclusion that the final result of dyeing with madder is simply the combination of alizarine with the mordants employed; and he recommends extraction from madder prints as the easiest method of preparing pure alizarine on a small scale. Artificial alizarine, as sent to the dyer and printer, is not exactly pure alizarine, and generally produces, with alumina mordants, a somewhat redder shade than madder. This is due to some impurities whose nature is, as yet, not known. A good deal has been said about the supply of anthracene. It must be remembered, however, that tar-distillers have as yet but little experience in separating this substance. Mr. Perkin's investigations on this matter have led him to believe that coal-tar contains considerable quantities of this hydro-carbon. No doubt, the kind of coal used, as well as the temperature employed in the gas-works, influences the quality of the tar as a source of anthracene; but upon these points no definite information has yet been obtained. Mr. Perkin illustrated his interesting lecture by exhibiting samples of fabrics dyed and printed with artificial alizarine, and also by projecting the spectra of some alizarine solutions upon a screen. By producing alizarine from anthracene, Graebe and Liebermann have given the first instance of the artificial formation of a vegetable colouring matter. The way by which the beautiful discovery has been arrived at proves decisively, as the president pointed out, the high importance of studying the molecular arrangements of chemical compounds.

Entomological Society, March 21.-Mr. H. W. Bates, vice-president, in the chair. The first part of the "Transactions" for the present year was placed on the table. The attention of the meeting was devoted exclusively to Lepidoptera. Specimens were exhibited by Messrs. Howard, W. J. Vaughan, Bond, Frederick Smith, and Stainton. An interesting discussion on dimorphic forms of the larva and imago was participated in by Messrs. Albert Müller, A. G. Butler, Pascoe, J. Jenner Weir, Stainton, McLachlan, and the chairman. The paper read was by Mr. W. F. Kirby, "Notes on the butterflies described by Linnæus." BRIGHTON

Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, March 10. The president, Mr. T. H. Hennah, in the chair. A report from the committee was received, urging the advisability of forming a microscopical section. On the motion of Mr. Hazlewood, seconded by Mr. Wonfor, it was resolved that the report of the cominittee be received, entered on the minutes, and approved, the effect of which is to establish a microscopical section, and instead of one meeting on the second Thursday in each month, to have a second meeting for strictly microscopical objects on the fourth Thursday in each month.-A paper by Mr. Clifton Ward, F.G.S., “A sketch of the Geological History of England, so far as it is at present known," was read by Mr. Wonfor, hon. sec., in which, from the earliest dawn of the Cambrian period down to the present day, the changes produced by depression, deposition, elevation, denudation, &c., together with an account of the various types of animal and vegetable life during each period, were graphically described, and the amount of land above water in England at each period was represented by a series of fifteen charts. It was announced that the Bryological Flora of the county of Sussex would soon be ready for distribution, the Society having determined to publish it at once, instead of waiting for the issue of the annual report in September.

EDINBURGH

Royal Physical Society, February 23rd.-Mr. C. W. Peach, president, in the chair. The following papers were read :—

1. Note on the Klipspringer Antelope (Oreotragus saltatrix). By Mr. D. R. Kannemeyer. A skin of this antelope was exhibited, and its various peculiarities pointed out and described—the long, wiry, and close hair with which it was covered, and the remarkable structure of its strong limbs and feet. Major Harris, in his work on the wild animals of South Africa, described it as having jagged edges to its hoofs; there was really a long, narrow depres sion or oval-shaped hollow on each of the divisions of the hoof. These peculiarities were admirably suited to the habits of the animal, which lived on the tops of high mountains, and was remarkable for the speed, agility, and sureness of foot with which it could leap from rock to rock up and down the face of inaccessible precipices; and also for the great distance of its leaps, and the small surface of some projecting ledge or pinnacle of rock upon which it could suddenly arrest its course, even when in full career. Mr. Kannemeyer described the various enemies the animal had to defend itself from-the eagle, the panther, and man-and referred to the manner in which it was hunted by the colonists, and his own experience in stalking it.

2. On the Deposits of Clay in the Neighbourhood of Stirling. By Rev. James Brodie, A.M., Monimail.

zoa.

3. Specimens of Polyzoa, &c., from the Faroe Islands, were exhibited and described by Mr. C. W. Peach, A. L. S., &c. The author stated that the specimens were from Stromoe, one of the Faroe Islands, and not gathered by himself, but were given to him by a person who had been there. They consisted of sixteen species of Polyzoa, four of Mollusca, three of Hydrozoa, two Sponges, three Annelide cases, with Foraminifera and Diatomacea. A portion of one of the shells shows the marks of rasping by limpets when feeding on the leathery disks of HydroHe remarked on this as a curious instance of vegetableeating animals being able to put up with such tough and hard fare when out of their native home, and thus accommodating themselves to their changed circumstances. He considered that the specimens were not got in deep water, nor far from land, as not a single really deep-sea form occurred amongst them. of the species are to be got in our own seas, and with two excep. tions (at present northern forms from Shetland and Wick, N.B.) have been collected by the author from Land's End to John o' Groats.

All

4. Dr. J. A. Smith exhibited a head of a red deer, the property of Mr. T. O. Horne, which was killed in the end of well-developed brow and bez-antler which marked the red deer, Instead of the usual January near Kingussie, Inverness-shire.

this animal had on the right side two small and very short antlers springing close to the root of the horn, and on the left side a very small brow-antler, and then a large second antler springing from near the root of the horn, and running nearly parallel to the beam. It measured about a foot in length. The beam of the same horn measured one foot ten inches long, terminating in The other horn was rather a couple of forked antlers above. shorter, and also terminated in two antlers. The variety was probably due to some local injury sustained by the deer when the horns were beginning to sprout, the soft horn of the left side having apparently been split in two. Dr. Smith stated he was indebted to Mr. Muirhead, Queen Street, for recently sending him a specimen of the Balian Wrasse, measuring 18in. in length, taken in the Firth of Forth, where it is by no means common; also, a very large specimen of the Lump-sucker or Hen-padle, Cyclopterus lumpus. The fish was full of roe; it measured 20in. in length by a foot in depth, and weighed Iolb. 13oz. He also noticed the very large male salmon taken on the 11th February. Mr. Anderson informed him it weighed a little over 56ib., and measured 4ft. 2in. in length by 2ft. 7in. in greatest girth. The salmon was taken along with several others at Mr. Anderson's fishing station, near Stirling.

PARIS

Academy of Sciences, March 28.-M. Darroux communicated a paper on Equations, with partial derivations of the second order, and M. Tisseraud a note on a point in the differential calculus.-A memoir was read by M. J. Jamin, on the employment of the electric current in calorimetry, in which the author described a method of applying the heat produced by an electric current to the determination of the specific heat of various bodies.-M. Jamin also communicated, on his own behalf and that of M. Amaury, a memoir on the specific heat of water between zero (32° F.) and 100° C. (212° F.) The authors showed that the specific heat of water undergoes no particular alteration about 39.6° Fahr., and that from upwards it

increases with the temperature.-M. A. Trécul presented the sixth portion of his memoir on the position of the trachea in ferns, in which he described the ramification of the petioles in various plants of that group, including several species of Asplenium, Aspidium, and Polypodium. A note was read on the organs and phenomena of fecundation in the genus Lemanea, by M. Sirodot. The Lemanea, although among the highest of the fresh-water Algae, were described by M. Rabenherst in 1868 as producing "spores germinating without fecundation." The author described what he regards as antheridia in two species (L. catenata and L. fluviatilis), and indicated the mode of fecundation as observed by him.-M. Ducharter communicated an abstract of two Greek papers by M. Koressios, in which the author expressed the opinion that the disease now ravaging the vines in France attacks them from the roots, and recommended a certain mode of treatment.-M. Leymerie presented, through M. Elie de Beaumont, some observations on the conclusions lately put forward by M. Magnau, with regard to the lower cretaceous formation of the Pyrenees. He maintained that there is no evidence of the existence of the Albian stage in the Pyrenees, and also objects to the admission of the Muschelkalk as existing in the Zechstein in the departments of the Tarn and Aveyron. The same author addressed a note on the fragmentary state of the higher summits of the Pyrenees, in which he maintained that the broken state of the rocks forming these summits must be due to the effects of the force exerted during their elevation, and concluded therefrom that the summits of these and other mountains cannot have lost much of their original heights by subaerial action. M. Elie de Beaumont made some remarks on the permanence of artificial earthworks, as confirmatory of the author's views.-Papers on medical subjects were also read.

PHILADELPHIA

The

American Philosophical Society, February 4.—Pliny_E. Chase presented tables of rainfall, and described them. most interesting deductions were, as far as related to Philadelphia, that the spring and summer will be alike, and the autumn and winter alike. The tables are for 45 years up to date, from observations at the Pennsylvania Hospital. Dr. Brinton made observations on the zealous and long-continued studies of the language of the Choctaw Indians, made by the missionary Mr. Byington, who died a year ago. Dr. Brinton has a list of over 75 works, including the Bible, printed in Choctaw. Mr. Byington's Choctaw Grammar has been revised four times, and at his death he had progressed with his fifth revision. The MS. of this work was in Dr. Brinton's hands, and was presented to the Society for publication.

February 18.-Prof. Cope read a paper intitled, "Fourth contribution to the Fauna of the Miocene period in the United States." He exhibited the periotic bones of a large whale from the miocene of North Carolina, which had been discovered by Prof. W. C. Kerr, State Geologist. The part of the skeleton found consisted of the left side of the cranium to the temporal fossa, mandible, and many vertebræ, ribs, &c. It was found 30 feet below the surface in the bank of a stream. It represented a type near the true Balana, but partaking of the characters of the Balanoptera. One peculiarity was the enormous thickening of the supraorbital process of the frontal, which was 17 inches deep. This individual was 17 inches deep. Vertebræ of two other individuals were found in other places, and a complete vertebral column of the same extended across a stream 20 miles distant from Kerr's specimen. Vertebræ taken from the last, referred it to the same species. This specimen was 50 or 60 feet long, and extended across the stream in such a way as to serve as a foot-crossing when the water was very low. The species was named Mesoteras kerrianus. Prof. Cope mentioned the discovery of the genus Sus for the first time in the United States, in the neighbourhood of Squankum, N.J. He said it agreed with the occurrence of the dugong noticed by himself and the rhinoceros by Marsh in giving an Asiatic character to that extinct Fauna. The hog he called Sus vagrans, and said it was as large as the common S. scrofa. He called attention to the abundance of the species of the Pythonomorpha in the United States, and described two new species from New Jersey, viz., Mosasaurus fulciatus and M. varthrus. The first with round curtra and an additional rib on the asquadratum, the second with depressed ceutra, and a quadrate bone more like that of M. dekayi than M. depressus. He said he knew 27 species of Mosasauroids. In the last work on the subject, only three species were described.

DIARY

THURSDAY, APRIL 7.

ROYAL SOCIETY, at 8.30.-On supra-annual Cycles of Temperature the Earth's Surface Crust: Prof. Piazzi Smyth.-Researches in A Electricity: Dr. C. B. Radcliffe.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, at 8. 30.

LINNEAN SOCIETY, at 8.-On new species of Annelids, &c. : Dr. Bauri
On Alge from the North-Atlantic Ocean: Dr. Dickie.
ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 3.-Chemistry of Vegetable Products: Prat. Od-
CHEMICAL SOCIETY, at 8.-On the Analysis of Deep-sea Water,
John Hunter-On the refraction equivalents of the aromatic Hy
carbons and their derivatives: Dr. J. H. Gladstone —On
Feed-water from the Coal-fields of Shellarton. N.S., and the resulla -
its use: Prof. How.

LONDON INSTITUTION, at 7.30.-Geology: Dr. Cobbold.

FRIDAY, APRIL 8.

ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 8.-Pedigree of the Horse: Prof. Huxley.
ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, at 8.
QUEKETT MICroscopical SocIETY, at 8.

SATURDAY, APRIL 9.

ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 3.-The Sun: J. Norman Lockyer, F. R.S
MONDAY, APRIL 11.

LONDON INSTITUTION, at 4.-Chemistry: Prof. Bloxam.
ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, at 8 30,
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, at 8.
TUESDAY, APRIL 12.

an

ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY, at 8-On the Danish Elements in the populati of Cleveland: Rev. J C. Atkinson-On the Ancient Tribal System s Ireland H. M. Westropp.-On the Brain in the Study of Ethandling; Dr. Donovan.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, at 8.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, at 8.-Dressing of Lead Ores —
Maintenance and Renewal of Railway Rolling Stock: Mr. R. Pri
Williams.
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 13.

ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, at 8.-On the Fossil Remains of Mamma's
found in China: Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c Further E
covery of the Fossil Elephants of Malta: Dr. A. A. Caruana
municated by Dr. A. Leith Adams, F.G.S.- Brief preliminary Noto
a large Coal-measure Reptile from the Low Main Coal Shale, F.
Barkas, F. G.S.

ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, at 8.

THURSDAY, APRIL 14.

MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, at 8.-On the Mechanical Description of a Nodal Bicircular Quartic: Prof. Cayley.

BOOKS RECEIVED

ENGLISH-Birds of Marlborough: E. F. Im Thurn Marlborough, Ps kins; London, Simpkin and Marshall).

E

FOREIGN.Die Alterthümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit, vols. i. and a (Mayence, V. V. Zabern).-Journal für Ornithologie, Jan. 1870-Om Va tationsforholdene ved Sognefjorden: A. Blytt (Christiania, J. Dat Lichenes Daniæ, eller Danmarks Laver: J. G. Deichmann Branth Rostrup (Copenhagen, Gads). Undersogelser over Christimafjorde Dybvandsfauna: G. O. Sars (Christiania, Dahil).-Zeitschrift für Paras kunde, vol. ii. pt. i. (Jena, Mauke)-Naturwissenshaftliche Reisen pischen Amerika: Dr. Wagner (Stuttgart, Cotta)-Archivio per la Zoologa l'Anatomia e la Fisiologia, Series ii. vol. i. (Turin, Loescher) - Reiven r Archipel der Philippinen: Dr. Semper, Æolidien (Wiesbaden, Kreide!).— Through Williams and Norgate.

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