now placed in a suborder of the lily family. They are perennial herbs with a short tuberlike rootstock, from which rises a simple, naked stem, usually less than a foot high, bearing at its summit a whorl of three ovate or rhomboid, netted-veined leaves, above which is a terminal flower, usually large, succeeded by an ovate, purple or red, three-celled berry. The trilliums, of which there are about a dozen species, are among the most striking of our spring flowers; their symmetrical structure and the beauty of the flowers in most species are interesting and attractive; they grow in rich moist woods or bogs, some extending from Canada to Georgia, one being peculiar to the far southern states, and two or three to the Pacific coast. The plants have received various common names, among which are three-leaved nightshade, wakerobin, birthroot, bethroot, and Indian balm. The greatflowered trillium (T. grandiflorum) is the

Large-flowered Trillium (Trillium grandiflorum). showiest species; its pure white flowers, often 3 in. across, and becoming rose-colored with age, are erect and raised above the leaves on a peduncle 2 to 3 in. long. The purple trillium (T. erectum) has rather smaller, dull purple flowers. The red-fruited species (T. erythrocarpum) has its white petals marked at the base with pink or purple stripes. The nodding trillium hides its flowers beneath the leaves by the recurving of its stalk. T. sessile often has its leaves blotched with two shades of green; and the related T. discolor, the southern species, has very ornamental foliage from being variegated with green and brown or purple. All flourish well in the garden, T. grandiflorum being especially ornamental; large numbers of its tubers are sent to Europe, to be sold by the bulb dealers. The roots of trillium contain an acrid principle analogous to senegine and saponine, as well as a volatile oil, resin, and tannic acid. They are astringent, and are said to be tonic and expectorant.

TRILOBITE (Gr. Tpeis, three, and 20ẞós, lobe), the name of a group of fossil crustaceans, so called from the three lobes into which the body is divided. They do not correspond exactly to any living group, but, according to Burmeister ("Organization of Trilobites," Ray society's publications, 4to, London, 1846), were a peculiar family of crustaceans, nearly allied to the existing phyllopoda (like apus and branchipus), and forming a connecting link between these and the entomostracan pacilopoda (like argulus, caligus, and other parasites called fish lice); they come nearest to phyllopods, especially in the double large eyes, undeveloped antennæ, and soft membranous feet, and nearest of all to branchipus; a marked resemblance in the form of the limulus (king crab, or common horseshoe of our coasts), especially the larva, is also observed to that of many species of trilobites. (See KING CRAB.) The general form of the animal is oval, divided into three well defined regions, the head or buckler, the thorax, and the abdomen or pygidium, the last two composed of semicircular plates or segments, varying in number, by whose movements the animal could roll itself into a ball like the common wood louse and pill bug (oniscus and armadillo). Each of these three divisions presents three lobes limited by two longitudinal depressions; the head is generally the largest and considerably the widest, varying from one fourth to one half the total length, semicircular, with a border often ornamented with granulations, depressions, and spines; the middle portion is the glabella, the grooves which mark its lateral limit corresponding, according to Barrande, to the insertion of the jaws or first pair of feet; the different pieces are united by distinct sutures, which are important zoological characters. Eyes have been denied to some genera; some had eyes when young, but lost them when old; others had two well formed, compound, facetted, prominent eyes, which are often perfectly preserved in the fossil state; they are sometimes larger than half the length of the head, the greatest diameter being almost always the longitudinal; they had no simple eyes. Traces of a mouth have been distinguished in a few; no traces of antennæ have been found, and they were probably short and feebly developed. The number of the thoracic segments varies in different genera and at different stages of growth, but is constant in adults of the same species; the terminal portions on the sides are the pleura, and are curved backward and sometimes very long; traces of nine pairs of feet have been discovered, and they were doubtless soft, membranous, and leaf-shaped, as in phyllopoda. The pygidium was made up of segments like those of the thorax, but consolidated to form a posterior buckler; it was usually semicircular, less long than wide, developed inversely to the thorax, and largest in the more recent genera. The shell had a thinner horny membrane cover

ing it, becoming more delicate toward the median line; between the two is found in the fossils a stony layer measuring their distance from each other; the lower surface was soft and membranous; the skin was undoubtedly cast as in other articulates, and Wahlenberg has suggested that some supposed new species may have been founded on their cast shells. They have been divided into three families, according to the nature of their covering: 1, eurypterida, without shell, including the single genus eurypterus (De Kay); 2, cytherinida, with bivalve, bean-shaped shell, including the single genus cytherina (Lam.); and 3, trilobitæ, with a shell having as many rings as there are joints to the body, containing many genera and species, and divided into two large groups, one with the power of rolling into a ball, like calymene, and the other with no such power, as in ogygia. According to Burmeister, the trilobites moved only by swimming, just below the Calymene. surface of the water, with the back downward, rolling into a ball when danger threatened from above, and did not creep upon the bottom; they lived in shallow water, near the coast, associating in immense numbers, chiefly of the same species; while only six or eight species occur in a given stratum, the number of individuals was very great; their food consisted of small aquatic animals and their spawn; they underwent progressive metamorphoses, and varied considerably according to age; their metamorphoses are given at length by Barrande, who makes four distinct types, according to the serial development of the different parts.-Trilobites are among the oldest of the articulata; though none are now living, during the paleozoic period they were very abundant, and almost the only representatives of their class. They have been most studied in Bohemia, and by M. Barrande. None are found above the carboniferous rocks, and only two or three in them. Barrande's primordial fauna, or the lower Silurian, has one genus but no species passing to his second fauna or middle Silurian, and this has many genera but no species common to it and the third fauna or upper Silurian, which in turn has several genera passing to the Devonian fauna-the whole series affording remarkable proofs of the limitations of faunæ in time; the distribution of particular genera and species in space was also very circumscribed, probably on account of their feeble locomotive powers. In America several trilobites, especially paradoxides and its allied genera, have been met with in slates formerly classed among the metamorphic rocks, as the P. Harlani (Green), found in Braintree, Mass., in 1856, by Prof. W. B. Rogers, and this and other trilobites found in Canada and Newfoundland.The trilobites have long attracted much interest, as well on account of the great numbers in which they have been found in many locali

ties, as from their singular conformation, and the perfect state in which their forms are preserved. The eye is very beautiful, and its perfection in many of the stony fossils, especially some brought from the Hartz mountains, and from the upper Silurian limestone of Dudley, England, is very remarkable; the facets or lenses, sometimes nearly 400 in number, are like those observed in the eye of the dragon fly and butterfly, and as in these insects are arranged around a conical tube through which the visual rays enter from almost every direction; in the asaphus caudatus each eye thus has a range of nearly three fourths of a circle, and both together command a panoramic view. The structure of the eye also indicates the prevalence in those ancient periods of the same conditions of the waters and the atmosphere, as regards their adaptation to the organs of vision, as now obtain.-The geographical range of trilobites is very extensive; these fossils are met with at most distant points, both of the southern and northern hemispheres; they are found all over northern Europe, and in numerous localities in North America, in the Andes of Bolivia, and at the Cape of Good Hope. Trenton Falls, N. Y., has afforded, in the limestone known by its name, fine specimens of the species calymene Blumenbachii (Brongn.). Lebanon, Ohio, is another interesting locality. In Adams co., Ohio, Dr. Locke procured an isotelus, to which he gave the specific name megistos, that measured more than 20 in. in length and 12 in. in width; the I. gigas and paradoxides Harlani have been found more than 12 in. long. (See "American Journal of Science," 1871, p. 228, and 1872, p. 268.)

· Paradoxides Harlani.

TRIMBLE, a N. county of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio river; area, 150 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,577, of whom 456 were colored. The surface is generally hilly and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 31,848 bushels of wheat, 209,060 of Indian corn, 38,216 of oats, 12,647 of potatoes, 658,465 lbs. of tobacco, 10,676 of wool, 24,370 of butter, and 1,268 tons of hay. There were 1,906 horses, 1,064 milch cows, 1,882 other cattle, 3,043 sheep, and 6,512 swine. Capital, Bedford. TRINCOMALEE, a town of Ceylon, in the N. E. part of the island, in lat. 8° 34' N., lon. 81° 12' E.; pop. about 20,000. It stands on the N. side of the entrance to a capacious and se

cure harbor at the foot of well wooded hills and two heights crowned by forts, besides which the port is defended by numerous fortifications which extend for about a mile along the shore. The inner harbor is landlocked, and has the advantage over all other harbors of India of being accessible to all descriptions of ships during both monsoons. The inhabitants are mostly of Tamil origin, from the S. | E. coast of India. The trade is of little importance, but precious stones are found in the neighborhood in considerable quantities.-The Portuguese were the first European nation to form a settlement at Trincomalee. They were expelled by the Dutch, who were in turn driven out by the British in 1782; but an insufficient garrison having been left for its defence, it was captured by the French, who restored it to the Dutch. In 1795 the British again captured it after a siege of three weeks, and it has since remained in their possession.

TRINIDAD, one of the British West India islands, at the mouth of the gulf of Paria, off the N. E. coast of Venezuela, opposite the N. mouth of the Orinoco, between lat. 10° and 11° N. and lon. 61° and 62° W.; length N. and S. about 50 m., average breadth 35 m.; area, 1,755 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 109,638. Its N. W. and S. W. extremities are within 7 and 13 m. respectively of the continent. There is excellent anchorage between the island and the mainland, and there are several good harbors. It is crossed by three ranges of hills from W. to E., extending through the centre, and bordering the S. and N. coasts, the northern range attaining an elevation of 3,000 ft. There are level and undulating tracts in the valleys, but in some places the surface is considerably broken, and it is drained by rivers with numerous tributaries. Much of Trinidad appears to have been formed by the mud deposited by the Orinoco. The mountains consist of clay and mica slate; and quartz, pyrites, arsenic, alum, sulphate of copper, graphite, and sulphur are found. In a volcanic district on the W. coast there is a celebrated asphalt lake. (See ASPHALTUM, and BITUMEN.) At Port of Spain, the capital, the temperature ranges between 74 and 86 in summer, and 70° and 81° in winter. The annual fall of rain is 65 inches; the island is beyond the range of hurricanes. The soil is fertile, and the elevated parts are covered with dense forests. The chief productions are sugar cane, coffee, and cacao; and cotton, indigo, tobacco, nutmegs, cinnamon, and cloves are raised. The indigenous animals are two species of small deer, the opossum, armadillo, porcupine, ant bear, sloth, muskrat, tiger cat, two species of lizards, and numerous monkeys. Fish are abundant. The settlements are chiefly on the N. W. coast and in the adjacent valley. A considerable trade is carried on with the United States in lumber and provisions. Trinidad is a crown colony, under a governor with executive and legislative councils.-The island was discovered by

Columbus in July, 1498, occupied by the Spaniards in the 16th century, captured by the French in 1676, but soon restored, and taken by the British in 1797.

TRINITY (Gr. τpás, Lat. trinitas), a term of Christian theology denoting the coexistence in the Godhead of three persons, distinguished from each other as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost or Holy Spirit. The doctrine of the Trinity is held by the Roman Catholic church, and by most of the Protestant and eastern churches. The doctrine, it is contended, is contained in all its constitutive elements in the Scriptures, and was gradually drawn up into a systematic statement as the necessity occurred of preserving or vindicating it in its integrity and purity. Supplementary to the ecclesiastical form of the dogma itself are certain theological explanations, throwing on it a fuller light, derived from the teachings of early councils, the writings of the great church fathers, or the accepted scientific language of the schools. These regard the mode of origination of the second and third persons, the relations existing between the persons in the Trinity, and their distinctive characteristics and appellations. While the word Trinity is not to be found in the Bible, and while no passage can be adduced from the Old Testament in which the doctrine of the Trinity or its equivalent is distinctly and explicitly formulated, many texts have been quoted even by the earliest Christian writers which point to the existence of some form of plurality in the Godhead. These texts, however, being susceptible of various interpretations, are not produced as proving peremptorily the doctrine of a Trinity, but as foreshadowing the clear and distinct revelation believed to have been made in the New Testament. From it two large classes of texts are quoted as arguments for establishing the doctrine: those in which Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are mentioned in connection, and those in which these three subjects are mentioned separately, and in which their nature and mutual relation are more particularly described. The disputes about the tripersonality of the Godhead date from the apostolic age, and were occasioned chiefly by the prevalence of the Hellenistic and Gnostic theosophies. Theophilus, bishop of Antioch in the 2d century, used the word rpiás, and its equivalent trinitas was first employed by Tertullian in the 3d century. During the anteNicene period there was uninterrupted controversy about this doctrine, principally in the East, and many opinions were proscribed by the church as heretical. Among them were those of the Ebionites, who regarded Jesus as a mere man; of the Sabellians, according to whom the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost were only the different forms in which the one God reveals himself to men; of the Arians, who taught that the Son was not coeternal with the Father, but created by him before the world, and therefore subordinate and in

ministry. In 1875-'6 there were, besides the president, 8 professors, 3 other instructors, and 2 lecturers; the total number of students was 83. The course of instruction, in which all the studies are prescribed, occupies four years. Students may take special courses in studies pertaining to science, and on their completion receive the degree of bachelor of science. Besides 37 scholarships entitling the holders to free tuition, there are several which yield to needy 'students annual incomes ranging from $100 to $300. Nearly all of them are designed to aid students preparing for the ministry in the Protestant Episcopal church. The college has property amounting in 1875 to $1,068,296, a library of 18,000 volumes, exclusive of pamphlets and duplicates, and a valuable cabinet. Excepting $16,000 received from the state, the funds of the college have been contributed by individuals. A theological school was organized in 1851, and was continued for about three years, when the Berkeley divinity school at Middletown was established to take its place. TRIPANG. See SEA CUCUMBER.

TRIPOLI, an earthy substance, originally procured from Tripoli in Africa, used as a polishing material, of fine sharp grain, yellowish gray or whitish, burning white. It consists almost entirely of silica, and when examined by the microscope is found to be composed of the exuvia or skeletons of infusoria, the families of which are readily recognized. Specimens of it from Bilin and Franzensbad in Bohemia, Santafiora in Tuscany, and Mauritius have been examined by Ehrenberg. The sub

stance has sometimes been confounded with the English rotten stone.

TRIPOLI (called by the natives Tarabul). I. A country of N. Africa, forming one of the Barbary states, and a dependency of the Turkish empire, bounded N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Barca, S. by Fezzan and the desert of Sahara, and W. by the Sahara and Tunis, between lat. 28° and 33° 15' N., and lon. 10° and 20° E.; extreme length about 650 m., breadth from 130 to nearly 300 m.; area estimated at 125,000 sq. m.; pop. estimated at from 500,000 to 750,000. Including Barca and Fezzan, which are dependent states, the area of Tripoli is more than double that above given, and the population probably twice as large. Though the sea coast extends upward of 600 m., there is only one good harbor, that of Tripoli, in its entire length. In its E. part, between Cape Mesurata and the town of Benghazi in Barca, there is a vast indentation called by the ancients Syrtis Major, now the gulf of Sidra. (See SYRTIS.) A marshy tract 100 m. in length and varying in breadth from 2 to 40 m. extends parallel to the S. W. shore of the gulf. The western portion of the Tripolitan coast is low and sandy; but in the east it becomes higher, and has many rocky points that afford shelter to small craft, with good anchorage in some places. The soil is exceedingly porous, and most of the streams flow only during the rainy season. The interior of the country is imperfectly known. The N. E. part contains extensive tracts of barren sand, and partakes of the nature of the desert; but the S. part is