SINALOA. I. AN. W. state of Mexico, bounded N. by Sonora, E. by Chihuahua and Durango, S. by Jalisco, and W. by the Pacific and the gulf of California; area, 25,927 sq. m.; pop. in 1869, 163,095. The entire eastern portion is mountainous, being traversed by a branch | of the Sierra Madre; while the western comprises extensive plains gradually declining toward the coast, which is generally low. The coast is indented by bays, the largest of which is that of Navachiste, and presents several harbors, such as Mazatlan, Angeles, Altata, Tamazulla, Popolobampo, and Navachiste, none of which are very commodious. The chief rivers are the Fuerte and Cañas, forming respectively the northern and southern boundaries, Sinaloa, and Culiacan; some of these, with their affluents, periodically overflow their banks, fertilizing the surrounding country. The mineral productions include gold, silver, platinum, copper, iron, lead, and sulphur; but mines of the first two only are worked, the average annual yield being $500,000, of which seven eighths is silver. The climate is excessively hot, and in many parts unhealthful, particularly in the south and in the coast region. The soil is for the most part fertile; the principal agricultural products are coffee, rice, and sugar cane. Many of the tropical fruits, particularly guavas and bananas, are very abundant, though the last are so extensively consumed as to be imported in immense quantities. The chief occupations are agriculture and mining, the manufacture of castor oil and the liquor called mezcal, and pearl and tortoise fisheries along the coasts. Brazil wood, pearls, gold, and silver are exported in large quantities. Sinaloa is divided into the districts of Rosario, Concordia, Mazatlan, San Ignacio, Cosalá, Culiacan, Mocorito, Sinaloa and Fuerte. The capital is Culiacan, and the chief port Mazatlan. II. An inland town of the preceding state, on the right bank of a river of the same name, in the midst of a gold-mining district, 220 m. N. N. W. of Mazatlan; pop. about 9,000. It has good houses, a church, and a school; and the inhabitants are chiefly engaged in mining. It was the capital of the old province of Sinaloa.

SINCLAIR. I. Sir John, a Scottish agriculturist, born at Thurso castle, Caithness, May 10, 1754, died Dec. 21, 1835. From 1780 to 1810 he was a member of parliament. He had an estate of 100,000 acres in Caithness, and devoted himself to the development of agriculture, the improvement of wool, and the revival of coast fisheries; and he built up the village of Thurso into a flourishing port. In 1786 he was created a baronet. The board of agriculture was established by act of parliament in 1793 mainly through his efforts, and he was its first president. He was the author of numerous volumes and pamphlets on agriculture, finances, and other subjects, and also published "Observations on the Scottish Dialect" (1782); "History of the Public Revenue of VOL. XV.-5

the British Empire" (3 vols., 1785-'9); "Statistical Account of Scotland" (21 vols., 1791'9); and "Code of Health and Longevity (4 vols., 1807). II. Sir George, a Scottish author, son of the preceding, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1790, died Oct. 9, 1868. For several years he represented Caithness in parliament. He published "Selections from the Correspondence on the Scottish Church Question" (1842); "Letters to the Protestants of Scotland" (1852); "Miscellaneous Thoughts on Popery, Prelacy, and Presbyterianism" (1853); "Two Hundred Years of Popery in France, 1515-1715" (1853); and "Popery in the First Century " (1855). His life has been written by James Grant (London, 1869). III. John, a Scottish clergyman, brother of the preceding, born Aug. 20, 1797, died in London, May 22, 1875. After graduating at Pembroke college, Oxford, he took orders, and in 1843 was made archdeacon of Middlesex. In 1853 he visited the United States in behalf of the society for the propagation of the gospel. He published a life of his father (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1837), and "Sketches of Old Times and Distant Places" (London, 1875). IV. Catharine, a Scottish authoress, sister of the preceding, born in Edinburgh, April 17, 1800, died in London, Aug. 6, 1864. She was her father's secretary in the latter part of his life. Besides numerous books for children and miscellaneous works, she published several novels, including "Modern Accomplishments" (1835); "Holiday House (1839); "Modern Flirtations" (1841); "Jane Bouverie" (1845); "Lord and Lady Harcourt" (1850); "Beatrice" (1852); and "Torchester Abbey, or Cross Purposes (1855).

ex

SINDE, Scinde, or Sindh, an administrative division or commissionership of the province of Bombay in British India, bounded N. by Beloochistan and the Punjaub, E. by Rajpootana, S. by the great western Runn of Cutch and the Indian ocean, and W. by the Indian ocean and Beloochistan; area, 54,403 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 1,730,323. The sea coast, 150 m. in length, is low and swampy, except at its N. tremity, and at high water the shore is overflowed for a considerable distance inland. The interior is a vast and arid plain of sand and shingle, traversed throughout its entire length by the river Indus, with a belt of fertility on each side. Sinde and the Indus bear a striking resemblance to Egypt and the Nile. (See INDUS.) The Hala hills extend along the W. frontier, but the most elevated points do not exceed 1,500 ft. above the sea. The E. part of Sinde is to a great extent desert, and covered with shifting sand hills, but affords some pasturage, more particularly for camels. In the north there are extensive tracts of jungle, now utilized as government fuel reserves. Upper Sinde and Lower Sinde are the respective designations of the northern and southern portions of the division, which comprises politically the collectorates of Kurrachee and Shikarpoor on

the W. side of the Indus, the collectorate of Hydrabad and the frontier district of Upper Sinde, bordering the river on the east, the native state of Khyerpoor between them, and the political superintendency of Thur and Parkur in the S. E. corner. The chief towns are Kurrachee, the seaport of the Indus, Hydrabad, the capital, Sukkur, Shikarpoor, and Larkhana, all organized municipalities except the first. The climate is hot, subject to sudden and great changes of temperature, and remarkably dry. Its aridity is due to the fact that the S. W. monsoon does not blow over Sinde, where the normal yearly rainfall is less than 15 inches, although the dews are exceedingly heavy. At Hydrabad the mean temperature of the six hottest months is 98°, but in winter frost is not unknown. In December, January, and February, a temperature of 32° F. at dawn is not unfrequently followed by a midday temperature of from 75° to 86° in the shade, at Kurrachee. Upper Sinde is tolerably healthful, and many of the natives attain a great age; but in the lower country, particularly toward the mouth of the Indus, there is much malaria and fever. Salt is the chief mineral product of the country, and alum, which is used to clarify the water of the Indus for drinking, occurs in considerable quantities. The soil of the delta of the Indus is a light clay mixed with sand, and the whole valley is fertilized by the annual inundation of the river; but away from the streams the surface is for the most part a sandy desert, or consists of vast tracts overspread with acacia-like trees, salvadora, and a leafless caper shrub. The forests of Sinde comprise the babul (acacia Arabica), the tamarisk, and the Euphrates poplar, and border the Indus at various points, having formerly been the favorite hunting grounds of the ameers; they cover an area of 350,000 acres. Irrigation is essential to cultivation, and the canals for that purpose are kept up at great expense, owing to the accumulation of silt. The only perennial canal in the division is above Sukkur, and is 24 m. long; all the others are inundation canals. Cotton is now grown experimentally, and sugar cane and tobacco succeed well, besides rice, wheat, barley, mustard, and the other common crops of such a climate; but the methods of agriculture are inferior and carelessly applied. The zemindari land revenue system prevails, under which the land is cultivated on shares. The fauna of Sinde is remarkable for number and variety. Tigers and leopards, hyænas and jackals, buffaloes, hog-deer, antelopes, and wild boars are prominent among the mammals. Among the very numerous species of birds are two eagles, bustards, falcons, partridges, quails, snipe, cormorants, herons, flamingoes, pelicans, and wild ducks of many sorts. The fresh waters yield the gavial, a so-called river porpoise which weighs upward of 200 lbs., and many varieties of fish; while pearl oysters are abundant along the coast. The common insects are locusts,

ants, mosquitoes, and black flies.-The Sindians are tall, well made, and handsome, and the women are remarkably good-looking. They are made up of mixed races, principally Jats and Beloochees, the proportion of Mohammedans to other sects in the population being as four to one. The people are described as idle, exceedingly immoral, ignorant, and bigoted. Wool raising is an important industry. Some manufactures are carried on in the principal towns, and the people are very ingenious workmen. Coarse silk goods are made from materials imported from Persia and China, and a peculiarly soft and durable leather, several different kinds of cloth, earthenware, and cutlery are manufactured. The foreign trade in 1872-13 was worth nearly £1,000,000, comprising exports valued at £657,994, and imports worth £324,250; and the coast trade was valued at £2,640,561. Some traffic is carried on with Cabool through the Bolan pass, but in Lower Sinde there are no regular highways, as the constantly shifting sand renders it difficult to maintain them. A railroad connects Kurrachee and Hydrabad, and the Indus valley line, which is to unite it with the railway system of India, is in process of construction. The government of Sinde is administered by a special commissioner.-Khyerpoor, the only native state in the division, extends 120 m. in length and 70 m. in width, between the Indus on the west and the Rajpoot state of Jessulmeer on the east, and is a great alluvial plain watered by six canals and having an area of 6,109 sq. m.-When Alexander the Great invaded India, Sinde was ruled by Hindoo princes, who had extended their conquests over all the countries lying between the Indus and the Ganges. Little is known of Sinde from that time till about A. D. 715, when it was conquered by a Mohammedan army sent from Bassorah; but these invaders did not long hold it. It was subsequently governed by a Rajpoot tribe for nearly three centuries, and was then conquered by Mahmoud of Ghuzni, whose successors held it until they were overthrown by the house of Ghore. About 1225 it fell under the dominion of the rulers of Delhi, who held it for upward of a century. They were succeeded by native princes, and about 1520 the country became subject to Shah Beg Argoon of Candahar. In 1592 it was incorporated with the Mogul empire under Akbar, in 1739 with the Persian under Nadir Shah, after whose death it reverted to the former, and in 1756 passed by dowry to the ruler of Cabool, remaining a nominal dependency of Afghanistan, though governed by native princes, till 1786, when a Belooche chief named Meor Futteh Ali obtained supremacy and divided the country into three independent states, each under several rulers known as ameers. Under these chiefs the government was a military despotism, and the relations between them and the English East India company were never very friendly.

About the beginning of the present century the company's agent was violently expelled, and a large amount of property in his custody confiscated. Subsequently several treaties were made; and in 1838, to facilitate the operations of its army in the contemplated Afghan war, the company extorted concessions from the ameers by which Sinde was made virtually one of its dependencies. The disasters of the British in Afghanistan having encouraged the ameers to commit hostile acts, a military force was sent thither under Sir Charles Napier, who, after concluding a treaty with the ameers of Lower Sinde, found himself compelled to take the field; the result was the brilliant victory of Meeanee (Feb. 17, 1843), the rapid conquest of the country, and the establishment of British authority. (See NAPIER, Sir CHARLES JAMES.) The rajah of Khyerpoor was allowed to retain his possessions, on account of his fidelity to the English. Sinde was constituted

a commissionership in 1843.

SINDIA, Family of. See GWALIOR.

SINGAPORE. I. A province of the British colony of the Straits Settlements, consisting of the island of Singapore, and about 50 islets S. and E. of it in the strait of Singapore, lying between lat. 1° 8 and 1° 32′ N, and lon. 103° 30' and 104° 10' E.; pop. in 1871, 97,111. The island of Singapore lies off the S. extremity of the Malay peninsula, from which it is separated by a strait about 40 m. long and to 2

m. wide; it is about 25 m. long from E. to W., and 12 m. wide; area, 224 sq. m. On the coast are swampy tracts covered with mangrove trees, but inland are many small hills, from 100 to 500 ft. high. Iron ore abounds. Much of the soil is sterile, but in the lowlands it is richer. There are a few rivulets. Nutmegs, cloves, ginger, pepper, gambir, tapioca, and sugar cane are raised. The thermometer ranges from 71° to 89°, and the climate is healthful. Showers are frequent, and in 1871 the total rainfall was 120-4 inches. Tigers cross the strait to the island, and are said to carry off, on the average, a Chinaman every day. Of the inhabitants of Singapore in 1871, 74,351 were males and 22,763 females; 54,098 Chinese, 19,250 Malays, 9,297 Klings, 1,329 Europeans, 2,164 Eurasians, and the remainder natives of other parts of the East Indies. Malay is the prevailing language. II. A city, capital of the Straits Settlements, on the S. side of

the island of Singapore, in lat. 1° 16' 13" N., lon. 103° 53' 15" E.; pop. about 90,000. It is on a low plain fronting the harbor, with hills in the rear, and is intersected by a saltwater creek called the Singapore river. On the W. side is the Chinese quarter, which contains also the great mercantile warehouses and counting houses. On the E. side are the official buildings, churches, hotels, and many of the European residences; and still further E. is the Malay quarter. Behind the Chinese quarter, on Pearl hill, is a fortress which commands it, and on another elevation, back of the European quarter, is the government house, a fine building of cut stone. Many neighboring hills are occupied by country houses, Near the shore are ample parade grounds and drives. The botanical garden has a splendid collection of tropical plants. Among the public buildings are the Singapore institution for the study of the languages of the East, which

contains a museum, library, and reading room; a prison, in which are generally confined about 2,000 criminals, mostly Hindoos, who are employed on government works; Protestant and Roman Catholic churches, a splendid Chinese temple, and a Mohammedan mosque. There are two mission schools, attended chiefly by Chinese, Malays, and Eurasians. The Chinese have also private schools. The port of Singapore, which is divided into two by a tongue of land, is capacious, and the water is deep enough for the largest vessels. The harbors are provided with every facility for an extensive commerce, and for fitting out and repairing ships. Singapore is a free port. Vessels pay three cents a ton light dues on entering and leaving. In consequence of its geographical position, it is the entrepot of the commerce of S. Asia and the Indian archipelago, and is resorted to by vessels of all nations. The entrances in 1872 were 1,665, tonnage 918,652; 729 were

steamers, tonnage 612,929. The total value of imports was $43,415,383; exports, $39,020,121. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, 29 United States vessels entered; the total value of the exports to the United States for the same period was $3,750,831. The exports are tin, gambir, pepper, rattans and Malacca canes, coffee, nutmegs, tapioca, sago, caoutchouc, gutta percha, sapan wood, buffalo hides, and gums.-The city of Singapura ("lion's town"), capital of a Malayan kingdom, occupied the site of Singapore in the 12th century. In the 13th century it was captured by a king of Java, when the royal residence was removed to Malacca, and it gradually fell into decay; and in 1819, when the British built a factory on the site, the whole island had only 150 inhabitants. In 1824 the sultan of Johore, in consideration of $60,000 and a life annuity of $24,000, transferred the sovereignty and fee simple of the island, and all the seas and islands within 10 geographical miles, to the British. (See STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.)

SING SING, a village in the township of Ossining, Westchester co., New York, beautifully situated on high ground on the E. bank of the Hudson river, at its widest part, called Tappan bay, 30 m. above New York; pop. in 1875, 6,500. There are several manufactories, the principal being two of files, one of lawn mowers, two of carriages, one of Brandreth pills, and one of porous plasters. The village contains a national bank, a savings bank, a public school, a Roman Catholic school, a female seminary, a school for preparing boys for West Point, three military schools, 12 private schools, two weekly newspapers, and six churches. It is the seat of one of the state prisons. The male division was erected by convicts, the first draft of whom, from Auburn state prison, began work in May, 1825. It contains 1,200 cells, is 484 ft. long by 44 ft. wide, and six stories high, with ranges of workshops running at right angles, 40 ft. wide and two and three stories high. The female division, with 120 cells, is on the E. side of the male division, and under separate management; it was begun in 1835. Both buildings are of white marble. (See NEW YORK, vol. xii., p. 367.)

SINIGAGLIA (anc. Sena Gallica), a town of central Italy, in the province and 18 m. N. W. of the city of Ancona, at the mouth of the Misa in the Adriatic; pop. in 1872, 22,197. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a beautiful cathedral. The ramparts are protected by a citadel. The port admits only small craft. The annual fair, July 20 to Aug. 8, at which large transactions are made in silk, is of great antiquity. The town was plundered by the troops of Pompey in 82 B. C. Under the exarchs of Ravenna it was for some time one of the cities of the Pentapolis, but afterward fell into decay. It is the birthplace of Pius IX.

SINOPE (Turk. Sinub), a fortified seaport town of Asia Minor, in the Turkish vilayet of Kastamuni, on the S. shore of the Black sea,

325 m. E. N. E. of Constantinople; pop. about 10,000. It stands on an isthmus which connects the mainland with a high rocky peninsula called Cape Sinope, forming on its S. E. side a roadstead, which is the best anchorage on that shore. The town has an arsenal and the only ship yard in Turkey except that at Constantinople, and many Turkish war vessels are built there. There is a massive castle erected in the time of the Greek emperors, and new fortifications are nearly completed (1876). It is a coal depot for steamers between Constantinople and Trebizond. Oak timber is largely exported.-Sinope became important after its second colonization from Miletus, about 630 B. C., and continued independent till 183, when it was captured by Pharnaces, king of Pontus, of which country it became the capital. It was much ornamented and improved by Mithridates the Great. Having been conquered by the Romans, it was made a colony by Cæsar. It was taken by the Turks in 1461. In the Crimean war the Turkish fleet, with the exception of one steamer which escaped, was destroyed here by the Russian fleet under Nakhimoff, with a loss of about 4,000 men, Nov. 30, 1853. The town was bombarded and suffered very severely. SINTO, or Shinto. See JAPAN, vol. ix., pp.

537 and 562.

SIOOT, or Osioot (anc. Lycopolis), a city of Egypt, capital of a province of the same name, and residence of the governor of Upper Egypt, near the left bank of the Nile, about 250 m. above Cairo, under a hilly ridge of sand cliffs, which have been extensively excavated; pop. about 25,000. A magnificent embankment studded with trees leads to the town, which has several beautiful mosques and good bazaars; but the streets are narrow and unpaved, and most of the houses are mere hovels. There are successful schools under the care of American missionaries, and British and American consular agents. Sioot was formerly much frequented by caravans from the interior. The most important manufacture is that of pipe bowls. There are ruins here of a Roman amphitheatre, vast rock tombs of the 12th dynasty, and ancient alabaster quarries in the opposite range of hills. The city was once devoted to the worship of the wolf, or of the deity to which that animal was sacred, from which its ancient Greek name is derived.

SIOUX, or Dakotas, a tribe of American Indians, dwelling near the head waters of the Mississippi when first known by the whites. In 1640 the Algonquins informed the French of them as the Nadowessioux, whence they came to be called Sioux. In 1660, or soon after, the Chippewas and Hurons began a war with them, which continued into this century. In 1680 Duluth set up the French standard in their country at Izatys near the St. Peters. In the next year he rescued Hennepin from them. Nicolas Perrot, having entered their