rious works of Semitic literature. There is no edition of any of the targums which deserves to be called critical. Most of them are included in the large polyglot editions of the Bible, and a much improved edition of the "Targum of Onkelos" was published at Wilna in 1852. -For an extended discussion of the targums, condensing almost all the learning of the subject, see E. Deutsch's "Literary Remains" (New York, 1874).

TARIFA, a town of Spain, in the province of Cadiz, Andalusia, on the southernmost point of the kingdom, in lat. 36° 3' N., lon. 5° 35' W., 52 m. S. E. of Cadiz, and 25 m. S. E. of Cape Trafalgar; pop. about 12,000. It is surrounded by old walls and towers, and has a strong fortress. A Moorish castle within the walls is now used as a prison. Tarifa was named from Tarif ibn Malek, a Saracen chief who landed here from Africa in 710, a year before the great Moorish invasion of Spain. During the Moorish domination all vessels passing through the straits of Gibraltar were here compelled to pay duties; whence the word tariff. In 1292 Sancho the Brave of Castile captured it, and Alonso Perez de Guzman held it against the Moors in 1294. About 1340 the Moors besieged it again, but were driven away by the kings of Castile and Portugal. In 1811 it was garrisoned by 1,200 British troops and 600 Spaniards, who held it from Dec. 19 to Jan. 4, 1812, against 13,000 French troops. The French captured the place in 1823.

TARLETON, Bannastre, an English soldier, born in Liverpool, Aug. 21, 1754, died Jan. 23, 1833. He was a lieutenant colonel in Cornwallis's army, and raised in this country a troop called the British legion, which contributed largely to British successes in the south. He massacred Col. Buford's regiment, stationed on Waxhaw creek, May 29, 1780, and "Tarleton's quarter" became a synonyme for cruelty. In 1781, with 1,100 men, he attacked an inferior American force near the Cowpens under Gen. Morgan, and was defeated. He was with Cornwallis during the rest of the war, and was present at the surrender of Yorktown. After his return to England he was promoted to the rank of colonel, and was so popular that in 1790 he was sent to parliament free of expense from his native town. In 1817 he received the commission of major general. He was created a baronet, Nov. 6, 1818. He published a "History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America" (4to, London, 1787).

TARN, a S. department of France, in Languedoc, bordering on the departments of Aveyron, Hérault, Aude, Haute-Garonne, and Tarnet-Garonne; area, 2,217 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 352,718. The S. E. part is mountainous, and the rest of the department is traversed by hills. The principal river is the Tarn, a tributary of the Garonne, which receives the Aveyron, Tescou, and Agout; and near Albi there is a

series of falls called Saut-du-Tarn. Coal, iron, lead, copper, gypsum, and porcelain and potters' clay are found. The vine is cultivated, and much brandy is made. Woollen, cotton, and silk goods, iron, leather, and paper are manufactured. It is divided into the arrondissements of Albi, Gaillac, Castres, and Lavaur. Capital, Albi.

TARN-ET-GARONNE, a S. department of France, in Guienne, bordering on the departments of Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, Haute-Garonne, Gers, and Lot-et-Garonne; area, 1,436 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 221,610. The whole department belongs to the basin of the Garonne, and the surface has a gradual slope to the west. The Garonne, Tarn, and Aveyron are all navigable in this department. Iron, coal, and marble are found. About two thirds of the surface is arable, one tenth is forest, and one tenth is devoted to the vine, the wine being excellent. The mulberry for rearing silkworms is extensively cultivated. Mules and poultry are reared in great numbers and are a principal source of wealth. The minerals include iron and some coal and marble. Woollen, linen, and silk goods, cutlery, iron, and beet sugar are manufactured. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Montauban, Moissac, and Castelsarrasin. Capital, Montauban.

TARPEIA, a Roman maiden, the daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, who, according to the legendary history of the period, was governor of the citadel on the Capitoline hill when the Sabines invested Rome. Tarpeia saw and admired the bracelets of the Sabines, and offered to betray the citadel to them for "what they wore on their left arms." She opened the gate at night, and as they passed in they threw upon her their shields, which were worn on the left arm, and crushed her. She was buried on that part of the hill called the Tarpeian rock.

TARQUIN. I. Lucius Tarquinius Prisens (“the Elder"), fifth king of Rome, assassinated about 578 B. C. According to the common story, his father was a Corinthian nobleman named Demaratus, of the family of the Bacchiadæ, who fled on the overthrow of his order by Cypselus and settled at Tarquinii in Etruria. The son, whose original name was Lucumo, inherited great wealth, married a noble Etruscan woman named Tanaquil, who was skilled in augury, and at her instigation removed to Rome to seek a higher career than any within his reach in Etruria. He gained the confidence of King Ancus Marcius, became guardian to his children, and on the king's death was elected to the vacant throne, about 616. He destroyed the Sabine town of Apiolæ, and subdued a number of Latin towns. His greatest exploit was the defeat of the Sabines, who advanced to the gates of Rome, but were driven back and at length completely overthrown upon the Anio. He built the vast sewers which drained the lower part of the city, and are still perfect; laid out the Circus Maximus, and instituted the Roman games; assigned the shops in

Dextrotartaric acid is the ordinary tartaric acid found in grapes, tamarinds, pineapples, and several other fruits, usually in combination with potassium, and frequently with a small portion of calcium. The acid of commerce is prepared from tartar or argol, and was first separated from it by Scheele in 1770. The present mode of manufacture is as follows. The crude tartar is dissolved in hot water in which is stirred a little pipe clay and bone black to remove coloring matter. The filtered or decanted liquid deposits on cooling crystals of cream of tartar, from which the acid may be prepared by dissolving them in boiling water, or the original solution may be employed. Powdered chalk is added as long as there is effervescence or the liquid reddens litmus. The product consists of an insoluble tartrate of calcium and a soluble normal tartrate of potassium, which latter, after separation of the calcium salt, is mixed with an excess of chloride of potassium, which throws down the remaining tartaric acid also as tartrate of calcium. Both precipitates are washed and digested with sulphuric acid diluted with eight or ten parts of water, by which means sulphate of lime is precipitated while the tartaric acid is left free in the solution. The filtrate is carefully evaporated to the consistency of a sirup, and placed in a warm situation to crystallize. Liebig found that tartaric acid is produced by the action of nitric acid upon milk sugar. It may also be obtained from succinic acid by submitting the latter to the action of bromine and treating one of the products, dibromosuccinic acid, with oxide of silver and water. Tartaric acid crystallizes in transparent, oblique rhombic prisms of sp. gr. 175, which are inodorous, permanent in the air, and easily soluble in hot and cold water and in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. The aqueous solution soon spoils, becoming covered with a fungoid growth. Tartaric acid is used in calico printing to liberate chlorine from bleaching powder, and in medicine, principally for the preparation of effervescing powders. (See EFFERVESCENCE.)—Other Varieties of Tartaric Acid. The grapes cultivated in certain districts of the upper Rhine and in the Vosges contain, besides ordinary tartaric acid, an isomeric acid, called paratartaric or racemic acid, which resembles it in many particulars, but differs much in others; for instance, it is rather less soluble, and has not the power of rotating the plane of a polarized ray of light. Pasteur has made some interesting researches upon the subject, and finds that if racemic acid is united with single bases, a salt is formed whose crystals are all identical; but if it is united with two bases, after the manner of Rochelle salt, and the solution allowed to crystallize slowly, two varieties of crystals are formed, bounded by the same number of faces, inclined to one another at exactly the same angles. They however have certain hemihedral faces which are developed on opVOL. XV.-37

posite sides of the two crystals, so that one crystal is like the reflected image of the other, and may be denominated morphologically right-handed and left-handed crystals. If these crystals are selected and separately recrystallized, each variety will produce its own particular form of crystal, and one will have righthanded and the other left-handed rotatory powers on polarized light. The acids obtained from these two varieties of crystals have also corresponding right-handed and left-handed rotatory powers, one being in fact ordinary or dextrotartaric, the other lævotartaric acid. As these two acids have equal rotatory powers in opposite directions, if their solutions are mingled in equal proportions the mixture will have no effect upon polarized light. When concentrated solutions of the two acids are mingled, crystals of racemic acid are deposited with sensible evolution of heat. Both acids also exhibit pyro-electricity, but in opposite directions. Pasteur also found that racemic acid may be artificially produced by the action of heat upon certain compounds of tartaric acid which are capable of resisting a high temperature; for instance, when tartrate of cinchonine is exposed to a temperature of about 338° F. and afterward repeatedly boiled in water and treated with chloride of calcium, racemate of calcium is formed. Left-handed tartaric acid may in like manner be converted into racemic acid. The formation of racemic acid in these reactions is accompanied by the production of a fourth modification, which Pasteur calls inactive acid, having, like racemic, no action on polarized light, but which, unlike racemic, cannot be resolved into right-handed and left-handed acids.

TARTARS, a branch of the Mongolian or Turanian division of the human race, principally inhabiting Asia. The name is one of indefinite and indiscriminate application, used with varying comprehensiveness by different writers. In its widest sense it may be regarded as embracing the Altaian group of Mongolians, according to Virchow; that is, all the various tribes and nations inhabiting the table lands of central and northern Asia who are not of Aryan blood, including the Tartars proper, the Kirghiz, the Calmucks, the Mantchoos (sometimes called the Mantchoo Tartars), the Mongols proper, or people of Mongolia (who, however, probably constitute a separate branch), and the Tungusians, who are thought by Huxley to share the physical characteristics of the Esquimaux. In a more restricted application of the word, the Tartars comprise the Turanian inhabitants of Turkistan and the adjacent regions. These are the nomad Kirghiz, who dwell in Khokan and Kashgar, on the Pamir steppe, and in the adjacent valleys; the Uzbecks, who have advanced furthest toward settled civilization and constitute the governing class in Turkistan; the Kiptchaks, a semi-nomadic people living in Khokan, who travel with their flocks

during the grazing season; the Buddhist Calmucks of eastern Turkistan, extending into Dzungaria; the Kazaks, in the region of the Sir Darya; and many smaller tribes. The predatory Turkomans inhabiting the country E. of the Caspian, from the Oxus to the Persian frontier, are of Tartaric origin, although the pure Tartar features are preserved in but few of the tribes, owing to the large admixture of Aryan blood. The characteristic Tartar physiognomy appears most distinctively at the present day among the Kirghiz, who have high cheek bones, noses thick but depressed, narrow eyes, and little or no beard. Almost every grade of variance from this type, however, is met with. In central Asia, the word Turk is used as synonymous with Tartar, merely to indicate Mongolians. According to Col. Yule, the two classes of people whom Marco Polo would identify with Gog and Magog represent the two genera of the Tartar race, namely, the White Tartars, or Turks, and the Black Tartars, or Mongols proper, who formed the bulk of the followers of Genghis Khan. Indeed, the name Mongol (bold), which he is said first to have given to the tribes who followed his standard, has been regarded as directly derived from Magog.-The word Tartar or Tatar (also Ta-ta) appears to be of Chinese origin, and was applied to early invaders of China from the upper Amoor region. They were a warlike and savage race; and possessing vast numbers of horses, they often descended upon the peaceable Chinese, and plundered their villages. Their predatory characteristics came to be so closely associated with their name as to lead to its eventual application to numerous other robber hordes. The Altai mountains appear to have been the centre of the great Mongolian migratory movement which began in the 4th century and lasted until the 10th, extending over the neighboring Asiatic countries, and under Attila far into Europe, where its results may still be traced in the Tartar population of eastern and southern Russia. The vast military expeditions of Genghis Khan and Timour were subsequent movements of a like character. Shamanism was the original faith of the Mongols. This was succeeded by Buddhism, which was abandoned for Lamaism about the end of the 16th century. Sunni Mohammedanism is now professed by the western Tartars generally, both in Asia and Europe. TARTARUS, in the Grecian mythology, a son of Æther and Gæa, and the father of the giants Typhæus and Echidna. In the Iliad Tartarus is a place as far below Hades as heaven is above the earth, and there by later writers the spirits of the wicked are said to be punished. By the later poets also the name is often used synonymously with Hades.

TARTARY, a geographical designation now usually limited to Turkistan and the adjoining regions, but formerly of much wider signification, embracing a broad belt stretching across the centre of the Asiatic continent from the

Japan and Okhotsk seas on the east to the Caspian on the west, and according to some geographers extending westward into Europe as far as the river Don. Tartary in its most extended sense therefore includes, in Asia, Mantchooria, Mongolia, Dzungaria, East Turkistan or High Tartary, Turkistan proper, including Khokan, Bokhara, and Khiva (formerly known as Independent Tartary), and all the southern part of the Russian possessions in Asia; and in Europe, the greater part of the Russian governments of Orenburg, Astrakhan, and Yekaterinoslav, the Don Cossack territory, and the Crimea, the last of which was formerly called Little Tartary, and also Crim Tartary, from the name of the horde which settled there in the 13th century. The name Tartary, however, is now seldom applied to any region outside of that bounded N. by Siberia, E. by Mantchooria, S. by China proper, Thibet, India, Afghanistan, and Persia, and W. by the Caspian sea.

TARTINI, Giuseppe, an Italian violinist, born at Pirano, Istria, in 1692, died in Padua in 1770. He gave up law and theology, acquired unrivalled proficiency as a violinist, eloped with one of his pupils, and lived for two years concealed in the convent of Assisi. There he diligently studied music, and being at length forgiven, came out of the convent the best player in Europe. Among his celebrated pupils were Pagin, La Houssaye, and Pugnani. His most remarkable composition is his Sonate du diable, or "Tartini's Dream."

TARTRATES, salts formed by the union of tartaric acid with bases. Tartaric acid is dibasic, and forms with monatomic metals acid salts, like bitartrate of potassium, KHC,H10; normal salts, like normal potassic tartrate (soluble tartar), K2CH.O.; and double salts, like sodic-potassic tartrate (Rochelle salt), NaKC.H4O6. With diatomic metals it forms normal salts, like normal basic tartrate, BаCHO, and double salts consisting of a double molecule of the acid in which two atoms of hydrogen are replaced by a diatomic and two atoms by a monatomic metal, like baric-potassic tartrate, BaC.H4О ̧‚K2C1ÍâÖ ̧+2H2O. With triatomic metals it forms a peculiar class of salts, well illustrated in the case of the antimony salts, as normal antimonious tartrate, (SbO); C4H4O.; acid antimonious tartrate, SbO,C.H1 O.; and potassio-antimonious tartrate, tartar emetic, KSbOCH1O.... Many of the tartrates are used in medicine, and several are employed in calico printing and dyeing, as the tartrate of chromium and the tartrate of potassium and tin. The principal medicinal tartrates are the double salts, tartar emetic and Rochelle salt. (See ANTIMONY, and ROCHELLE SALT.) The tartrates of the alkalies are oxidized in the animal system to bicarbonates, so that the administration of tartrate of potassium renders the urine alkaline. The acid alone, on the other hand, is more efficient than the mineral acids in acidifying this excretion.