TANNAHILL country is watered by the Coleroon and Cavery and their numerous branches. There are 64 irrigation tanks in the district, and extensive works connected with the rivers, so that the entire area of irrigation in 1872-13 was The surface consists for the 748,673 acres. most part of an extensive plain of great fertility. Cotton goods are manufactured, and salt is made in the neighborhood of Point Calymere. The inhabitants are nearly all Hindoos, and their institutions have been more perfectly preserved than in most other parts of India. The district forms the inland boundary of the French coast settlement of Carical. II. A city, capital of the district, on a branch of the Cavery, 180 m. S. W. of Madras and 45 m. from the bay of Bengal; pop. about 80,000. It contains two forts, the greater about 4 m. in circumference and the lesser about 1 m., both strong and well constructed. The rajah's palace stands in the centre of the great fort. The pagoda in the small fort is considered the finest building of the kind in India. The manufactures consist of silk, muslin, and cotton goods. Tanjore was founded about A. D. 214, and became the capital of a Hindoo principality of the same name, which was absorbed by the Mahrattas in the 17th century. The British assumed the government about the year 1800. TANNAHILL, Robert, a Scottish poet, born in Paisley, June 3, 1774, died May 17, 1810. He His volume worked all his life as a weaver. of "Poems and Songs" (1807) became very popular; but while revising it he fell into a state of despondency, aggravated by the refusal of Constable to print a new edition, burned all his new and revised poems, and drowned himself. An enlarged edition of his remains, with a memoir, was published at Glasgow in 1838, and reprinted at Paisley in 1874. TANNIC ACID, or Tannin. The astringent prin- derived from the gall nut is termed gallotannic TANSY tormentilla and bistort, there is another less Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). to some supposed preservative quality of the plant, or to its durable flowers), tanacetum vulgare, a plant of the composite family, a native of Europe, which was formerly cultivaa common roadside weed. It is a perennial ted, but has escaped from gardens and become herb, with large, twice or thrice pinnately divided, deep green leaves, and stems 2 to 4 ft. high, bearing corymbs of heads of golden yellow flowers, which are nearly all tubular and fertile. A variety called double tansy has the leaves more cut and crisped. The leaves have a strong fragrance, due to a volatile oil and a bitter, aromatic taste, and have long been in use infused in spirits as a domestic aromatic tonic; in former times it was held in much esteem as a remedy in dropsy, and as a wormdestroying medicine. The volatile oil is kept in the shops, and is popularly supposed to produce abortion; it is highly poisonous, and its use for criminal purposes has often killed the mother. The green leaves were formerly used in cookery, but have been superseded by foreign spices, though tansy puddings are still made in England. A native species, T. Huronense, found in Maine and on the great lakes, is only of botanical interest. TANTALUM. See COLUMBIUM. TANTALUS, a character of Greek mythology, differently described as king of Argos, Corinth, Lydia, or Paphlagonia. Having given offence to the gods, he was punished in the lower world by confinement in a lake, where he was tormented with thirst, yet could not drink, for the waters always receded from his lips. Branches laden with fruit hung over his head, and when he stretched forth his hand to take the fruit the branches withdrew. TAOS, the N. W. county of New Mexico, bordering on Colorado and Arizona; area, about 7,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,079. It is watered by the Rio Grande and the Rio de Chama, one of its tributaries, and by the San Juan, a branch of the Colorado, and is crossed by several spurs of the Rocky mountains. Gold mining is carried on to some extent. The chief productions in 1870 were 153,799 bushels of wheat, 80,224 of Indian corn, 21,542 of oats, 15,040 of peas and beans, 2,323 of potatoes, and 90,503 lbs. of wool. There were 1,043 horses, 999 mules and asses, 924 milch cows, 2,600 working oxen, 4,104 other cattle, 81,108 sheep, and 688 swine; 2 flour mills, and 1 quartz mill. Capital, Fernandez de Taos. TAPE GRASS. See VALISNERIA. TAPESTRY (Gr. Tánc, a carpet), an ornamental figured cloth, used for lining the walls of apartments, or for covering articles of furniture. The Egyptians and Hebrews attained great skill in ornamenting textile fabrics by colored yarns worked in by the hand, and also by the loom. The art was early introduced into France, and about the 9th century tapestry was made with the loom; but the fabrication with the needle continued as an occupation for ladies of the highest rank. Up to the 12th century the use of tapestry was limited to the adornment of churches and monasteries; but after this period it began to be adopted in dwellings. In France the workmen employed in the manufacture were originally called sarazins and sarazinois, indicating the origin of the art as derived from the Saracens. The finest work in the 14th and 15th centuries was produced by the Flemings, and about this period the principal manufactories in the west of Europe were at Bruges, Antwerp, Arras, Brussels, Lille, Tournay, and Valenciennes. Florence and Venice at that time produced very rich and costly tapestry; but in the 16th century the more ornamental work with threads of gold and silver was introduced in the manufacture of Fontainebleau. One of the most famous pieces is the Bayeux tapestry, commemorating the Norman conquest of England. (See BAYEUX TAPESTRY.) About the end of the reign of Henry VIII. the art of weaving tapestry was introduced into England. In the reign of James I. the manufacture was established at Mortlake in Surrey under royal patronage. For the earlier designs old patterns were employed, but afterward original scenes were furnished by Francis Cleyn. The method of weaving tapestry in what is called the haute-lisse or high warp has been described in the article GOBELINS.-See Notice historique et descriptive sur la tapisserie dite la reine Mathilde, by the abbé Laffetay (Bayeux, 1874); and "The Bayeux Tapestry, reproduced in Autotype Plates, with Historic Notes by Frank Rede Fowke" (Arundel society, London, 1875). TAPEWORM. See ENTOZOA, vol. vi., p. 663. TAPIOCA. See CASSAVA. TAPIR (tapirus, Cuv.), a genus of ungulate mammals, characterized by a nose prolonged into a short, movable proboscis; skin very thick and covered with close short hair, the neck furnished with a kind of stiff mane; tail very short; ears small, erect, and pig-like; four toes on the fore and three on the hind feet, separate and ending in nail-like hoofs; skull pyramidal as in the hog, with the nasal bones much arched for the muscles of the proboscis; teeth, 6 incisors and 2 small canines in each jaw, and molars 14 above and 12 below. The tapirs look like hogs, but the legs are longer; they inhabit the moist tropical forests of South America and of the Malayan peninsula and archipelago, usually sleeping by day in retired places, and feeding at night on fruits, grasses, and other vegetable substances, though they TAPPAN take to the water if possible, where they easily defend themselves with the teeth; on land they do not go by open paths, but break through the thick undergrowth of the woods by their powerful and wedge-like head, in this way escaping the larger carnivora; they have an acute sense of hearing and of sight, and are strong and tenacious of life; their flesh is eaten both in South America and Asia. The best known species is the American tapir (T. Americanus, Cuv.), about 6 ft. long and 34 ft. high, of a uniform brown color, tinged with gray on the head and chest. It is found over almost the whole extent of South America east of the Andes, and its herds sometimes do great mischief by trampling down cultivated fields; it has only one young at a birth, in November. The Asiatic tapir (T. Malayanus, Horsf.) is 7 or 8 ft. long, with the hind parts of the body white, and the anterior and the legs black; the trunk is 7 or 8 in. long, the eyes very small, and the rounded ears bordered with white; though the largest, it is the gentlest of the genus. Fossil species are found in the tertiary formations of central Europe. TAPPAN, Henry Philip, an American clergyman, born at Rhinebeck, N. Y., April 23, 1805. He graduated at Union college in 1825, studied at the Auburn theological seminary, was for a year assistant pastor of the Reformed Dutch church in Schenectady, and in 1828 was settled as pastor of a Congregational church at Pittsfield, Mass. In 1832 he was appointed professor of moral and intellectual philosophy in the university of the city of New York. In 1838 the faculty resigned, and for some years he conducted a private seminary. In 1852 he was elected president of the university of Michigan, which post he held till 1863, since which time he has resided chiefly in Europe. His "Review of Edwards's principal works are: Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will" (12mo, New York, 1839); "The Doctrine of the Will determined by an Appeal to Consciousness" (1840); "The Doctrine of the Will applied to Moral Agency and Responsibility" (1841); "Elements of Logic, together with an introductory Review of Philosophy in general, and a preliminary View of the Reason" (12mo, 1844; revised and enlarged ed., 1856); "Treatise on University Education" (1851); and "A Step from the New World to the Old" (2 vols. 12mo, 1852). His three works on the will were republished in Glasgow (1 vol., 1857). TAR, a thick, black, viscid, impure turpentine, procured by burning the wood of pinus palustris, P. sylvestris, and other species of pine and coniferous trees; also obtained as a product of the destructive distillation of peat, bituminous coals, and shales. It was known to the ancient Greeks, and Dr. Clarke, who describes the method of manufacturing it in the forests of Bothnia, says there is not the smallest difference between the processes there practised and those of ancient Greece. Along the whole coast of the gulf of Bothnia the TAR inhabitants are very generally engaged in this After five or six years, when cut general as consisting of from 3 to 15 per cent. of light oils, from 60 to 67 per cent. of heavy oils, usually termed "dead oil," and from 18 to 35 per cent. of pitch; the best coals, as the cannel and boghead, produce tar richer in light oils, and yield least pitch.-Wood tar is thick and hard in cold weather, and softens when warm so as to flow like thick molasses. Its specific gravity is about 1:04. It is boiled down to produce pitch, is used to coat the bottoms of vessels to render them water-tight, and to cover rigging of ships to preserve it from the action of the weather, and is a useful lubricant for the journals of wheels. In medicine it is used internally in chronic catarrhs, and in some cutaneous diseases, as ichthyosis. The inhalation of its vapor is recommended in cases of bronchial disease, the air of a room being impregnated with it by moderately heating the tar placed in a cup over a lamp. It has been found beneficial as an external application to ulcers and various diseases of the skin. It is administered in pills mixed with flour, or in an electuary of tar and sugar. It yields a portion of its properties to water with which it is stirred, and this preparation, known as tar water, is administered as a stimulant and diuretic, and is applied as a wash in chronic cutaneous affections.-Coal tar has an exceedingly repulsive odor, and was long considered of no value; but it has been found that the light oils obtained by its distillation may be made to furnish a variety of singular products, possessing rare properties, and affording the rich colors applicable to dyeing, known as the aniline colors (see ANILINE, BENZOLE, and MAUVE), and also flavors of various essences and agreeable perfumes. The dead oil is frequently burned for the production of lampblack. One of its most useful products is carbolic acid. (See CARBOLIC ACID.) Coal tar is now in common use as a coating for iron work exposed to the weather, and is used with asphalt and other substances to form a tight covering for roofs and the walls of vaults, &c. Its use in preparing a fuel with the dust of mineral coal is noticed in FUEL, vol. vii., p. 518. TAR, a river of North Carolina, which rises in Person co. and flows S. E., passing Tarborough, Greenville, and Washington, and discharges into Pamlico sound by an estuary called Pamlico river. Its length is 140 m., or including Pamlico river 180 m., and it is navigable for small steamers to Tarborough, 85 m. from the sound. seat of an archbishop, and has a cathedral dedicated to St. Cataldus, an Irishman and the first bishop of Tarentum, about 166. Linen and cotton stockings are made here, and gloves from the byssus of the mollusk pinna marina.-Tarentum was colonized by exiles from Sparta in 708 B. C. Its harbor was then the best on the coast. It became a large and powerful city, and 14 other towns were subject to it. It carried on long contests with the Messapians and Peucetians; and about 474 its army suffered a disastrous defeat from the former, in which so many of its nobles were killed that its government, previously an aristocracy, was thereafter democratic. It was predominant in the league of the Greek cities of Italy against Dionysius of Syracuse and the Lucanians. Rome declared war against it in 281. The Tarentines called in Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, after whose defeat and withdrawal from Italy the city surrendered to the consul Papirius in 272, while a Carthaginian fleet was approaching to its relief, and thereafter continued subject to Rome. During the second Punic war the citizens betrayed it into the hands of Hannibal, who held it for more than two years, but was unable to dislodge the Roman garrison from the citadel. In 209 Fabius Maximus retook the city and gave it up to plunder, after putting the Carthaginians to the sword. It continued to be the chief town of S. Italy under the empire. The present town occupies only the site of the ancient citadel, which was originally a promontory, but was made an island by Ferdinand I. of Naples. TARANTO, Duke of. See MACDONALD, TARANTULA, or Tarentula, a terrestrial hunting or wolf spider of S. Europe, belonging to the genus lycosa, the L. tarentula (Latr.). It is the largest of European spiders, measuring 1 to 2 in. in the length of the body; the color is ashy brown above, marked with gray on the thorax, and with triangular spots and curved streaks of black bordered with white on the abdomen; below saffron-colored, with a transverse black band. It received its popular name from being common in the vicinity of Taranto in S. Italy. It makes no web, wandering for prey, which it runs down with great swiftness, and hiding in holes in the ground and crevices lined with its silk; it has one spiracle on each side, one pulmonary sac, and eight eyes. Its bite was once considered highly poisonous, producing the nervous febrile condition called tarantism, which was supposed to be curable only by dancing to lively music until the per son fell exhausted.-The L. Carolinensis (Bosc) is called tarantula in the southern states; it attains a length of 2 in. with an extent of legs of 4 in.; it is mouse-colored above, with white TARANTO (anc. Tarentum), a city of S. Italy, in the province of Lecce, in Apulia, 44 m. W. S. W. of Brindisi; pop. in 1872, 27,546. It stands on an island at the N. end of the gulf of Taranto, and is connected with the mainland by two bridges. The inner harbor (mare pic-sides and whitish dots and lines on the abdocolo), 12 m. in circumference, is useless as a roadstead, and ships must anchor in the outer harbor (mare grande), which is much exposed. The castle and fortifications, built by Charles V., command both harbors. Taranto is the men; below blackish; legs whitish tipped with black. It makes deep excavations in the ground, which it lines with silk; the females carry their young on the back. Its poison is active, and might cause troublesome symptoms in man TARARE if the fangs could be opened at an angle proper to pierce his skin. The great hairy spiders of the genus mygale are called tarantulas in the southwestern states, and are destroyed by the large red-winged wasp, pompilus formosus. TARARE, a town of France, in the department of the Rhône, on the Tardine, 21 m. N. W. of Lyons; pop. in 1872, 13,694. It is situated at the foot of Mount Tarare, and is celebrated for its muslin manufactures. TARASCON (anc. Tarasco), a town of France, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, on the left bank of the Rhône, 10 m. N. of Arles and 50 m. N. W. of Marseilles; pop. in 1872, 12,454. It is connected with Beaucaire, on the opposite side of the river, by one of the finest suspension bridges in France. It contains a magnificent castle of the counts of Provence, on a rock overhanging the river, built in the 15th century on the site of a temple of Jupiter, and now used as a prison. The church of St. Martha is a Gothic edifice commenced in the 15th century, with a richly sculptured entrance and a crypt with remarkable tombs and a marble statue of St. Martha. Silk, woollen, and cotton goods are manufactured." TARBES, a town of France, capital of the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, beautifully situated on the left bank of the Adour, 23 m. E. S. E. of Pau; pop. in 1872, 16,565. It is the seat of a bishopric dating from about A. D. 400, and has a modern cathedral built on the site of the castle of Bigorre. It was injured during the middle ages by successive invaders, and was twice burned by the Huguenots in the 16th century. TARDIGRADES. See SLOTH. TARGUMS (Chal. targem, to translate), the lical scholars, but it is now pretty generally One |