cases of dyspepsia. The treatment should be STONE. See ROCKS. der. Uric acid calculi have been treated by the administration of alkalies, and the phosphatic by the injection of a solution of nitric acid. These methods have from their inefficacy fallen into disuse. 2. Extraction by the urethra is now done only in females; in them the canal is so short and dilatable that a stone of considerable size can be removed by this method. 3. Lithotomy is indicated in all males under puberty, and in others when the stone is large or there are several; when the urethra is strictured; when the bladder is in such a condition as to be unable to bear the repeated introduction of instruments, and the irritation caused by the fragments resulting from lithotripsy; and when the kidneys are not much diseased. The operation may be done by incision above the pubes (the supra-pubic), through the perineum (the perineal), or through the rectum, or rectum and perineum (the recto-vesical). The supra-pubic and that through the rectum and perineum are usually employed only in cases in which, from the size of the stone or other causes, removal through the perineum is impossible. The perineal operations are three in number, the lateral, bilateral, and median. The lateral operation is in general the best, and it may be performed as follows: A grooved steel staff or sound of full size is introduced, the bladder being moderately distended, the patient on his back, with shoulders elevated, thighs separated widely in order to expose the perineum, and the hand grasping and bound to the foot; the patient being etherized, an incision is made on the left side of the perineum from about an inch before the anus downward and outward to a point midway between the anal opening and the tuberosity of the ischium, the muscular fibres being divided down to the staff; the left index finger passed into the wound keeps back the rectum, and at the same time feels at the membranous part of the urethra the groove, which is entered by the STONE, the common name of calculus in the urinary bladder, for the composition of which see CALCULI and GRAVEL. The prominent symptoms are irritability of the bladder with frequent irresistible desire to pass water, and occasional stoppage of the stream, with pain in various parts of the urinary system, and sometimes the presence of blood, mucus, and pus in the urine. None of these, however, can be depended on, the only sure diagnosis rest-knife and conducts it to the bladder, the ureing on making the stone perceptible to the ear and fingers by means of a metallic sound introduced through the urethra, and brought into direct contact with the foreign body; even with this instrument, several introductions in various positions of the body are sometimes necessary for its detection. The symptoms vary in intensity according to the size and roughness of the stone, the state of the urine, and the condition of the bladder. Stone is formed by a precipitation of the urinary salts either in the kidney, passing thence to the bladder, or primarily in the bladder. In the latter case a foreign body may be the nucleus. Stone may be removed from the bladder by-1, solution; 2, extraction as a whole through the urethra; 3, extraction through an opening artificially made into the bladder (lithotomy); 4, crushing into fragments of such a size that they can pass through the urethra (lithotripsy). 1. Solution may be attempted by remedies taken by the mouth or injected into the blad thra and about half an inch of the prostate being divided; the finger is then introduced, dilating the opening; the finger being withdrawn, the forceps are introduced, opened, and the stone seized, if possible, with the first gush of fluid from the wound, and then extracted by slow, steady, and undulating movements, dilating and not tearing the soft parts. If properly performed, and the after treatment not interfered with by hæmorrhage, inflammation, sloughing, or other complications, the urine begins to flow by the urethra in about a week, and the wound heals completely in four or five weeks. In the bilateral operation, a curved incision, with the convexity upward, is made from one side of the perineum to the other, between the anus and the urethral bulb, dividing both sides of the prostate by a double bistoury. The median operation differs from the preceding in that the incision is vertical and in the median line, and the prostate is not cut, but is dilated, and somewhat lacerated, by the finger introduced through the opening made into the urethra in front. The recto-vesical operation consists in cutting into the bladder from the rectum on the median line behind the prostate, or in dividing also the prostate and perineum in the median line. In the high| operation the bladder is opened above the pubes through the linea alba, where there is no covering of peritoneum. Lithotomy was practised 25 centuries ago; Hippocrates bound his pupils by oath not to practise it, but it came into use again in the time of Celsus, in whose writings are found the first indications of the bilateral operation; the lateral operation was first practised toward the end of the 17th century; the supra-pubic method was first employed by Franco in the 16th century, and the rectovesical by Sanson in the 19th. 4. Lithotripsy (more commonly called lithotrity) is indicated in patients beyond puberty, when the stone is single and not large, and when the urethra is not strictured, and the bladder and kidneys are not much diseased. The early instruments used for this purpose were very rude and dangerous, the stone being grasped by branches made to protrude from a straight catheter, and then bored by a drill extending through the instrument and worked by a watchmaker's bow; after it was bored it was crushed by another complicated instrument. To Civiale (1817-224) is unquestionably due the credit of having introduced the operation by improving the instruments and the manner of their use. The instrument now used is composed of two sliding blades, introduced in the shape and after the manner of a sound,, between which the stone is seized, and then crushed by the gradual pressure of a screw; the fragments may then be washed out by injections or by the urine, large pieces being again broken by the same or a smaller instrument. In properly selected cases, and with skilful manipulation, this operation is much safer than lithotomy. STONE. I. A N. county of Arkansas, bounded N. E. by White river, and watered by the Little Red river. It was formed in 1873 from portions of Independence, Izard, Searcy, and Van Buren counties. The surface is irregular. The soil produces cotton, grain, tobacco, and fruits. Timber is abundant. Iron, lead, and marble occur. Capital, Mountain View. II. A S. W. county of Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, intersected by White river, and drained by its tributary the James; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,253, of whom 20 were colored. The surface is broken, and the soil fertile. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad touches the N. W. corner. The chief productions in 1870 were 13,022 bushels of wheat, 121,735 of Indian corn, 14,340 of oats, 3,205 lbs. of tobacco, 3,521 of wool, 27,817 of butter, and 3,808 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 1,298 horses, 905 milch cows, 1,683 other cattle, 3,023 sheep, and 10,722 swine. Capital, Galena. III. An E. county of Dakota, recently formed and not included in the census VOL. XV.-26 It is mostly of 1870; area, about 700 sq. m. table land, being occupied by the Coteau des Prairies, and has a rolling surface. STONE, Thomas, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, born at Pointon Manor, Charles co., Md., in 1743, died at Port Tobacco, Md., Oct. 5, 1787. He was a lawyer, and was sent as a delegate to congress in 1774 and 1775. He strongly favored the establishment of an independent government, although under instruction from the Maryland convention to oppose it; but that state receded from its opposition in time to allow its delegates to sign the Declaration. He served on the committee to prepare a plan of confederation, and was reelected to congress in 1777 and 1783. STONE. I. William Leete, an American author, born at New Paltz, N. Y., April 20, 1792, died at Saratoga Springs, Aug. 15, 1844. He was a printer, and edited successively the "Herkimer American," "Hudson Whig," "The Lounger " (Hudson), "Albany Daily Advertiser," "Hartford Mirror," "The Knights of the Round Table" at Hartford, and from 1821 the New York "Commercial Advertiser." In 1843-'4 he was superintendent of common schools in New York. His principal works are: "History of the Great Albany Convention of 1821 " (8vo); "Narrative of the Grand Erie Canal Celebration" (New York, 1825); "Letters on Masonry and Anti-Masonry " (1832); "Matthias and his Impostures" (12mo, 1832, and 18mo, 1835); "Tales and Sketches (2 vols. 12mo, 1834); "Essays on Social and Literary Topics" (12mo, 1835); "Ups and Downs in the Life of a Distressed Gentleman" (12mo, 1836); "Life of Maria Monk and Refutation of the Awful Disclosures" (8vo, 1836); "Letters on Animal Magnetism" (8vo, 1837); "Life of Joseph Brant" (2 vols. 8vo, 1838; new ed. by W. L. Stone, jr., with index, Albany, 1865); "Border Wars of the American Revolution" (2 vols. 12mo, 1839); "Poetry and History of Wyoming" (12mo, 1841; with index, 1864); "Life of Red Jacket-Sa-go-ye-wat-ha" (8vo, 1835 and 1841; new ed. with a life of the author by W. L. Stone, jr., 1866); and "Life of Uncas and Miantonomoh" (24mo, 1842). II. William Leete, jr., son of the preceding, born in New York, April 4, 1835. He graduated at Brown university in 1858 and at the Albany law school in 1859, and is now (1876) one of the editors of the "New York School Journal." He has published "Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Bart.," begun by his father (2 vols. 8vo, 1865); "Life and Writings of Col. William L. Stone" (1866); "Saratoga and its Mineral Springs " (1866); "History of New York City" (1872); "The True History of the Jane McCrea Tragedy" (1874); "Reminiscences of Saratoga" (1874); and "Centennial Sketches" (1876). He has translated from the German the "Memoirs and Letters of Mrs. General Riedesel" (1867), and the "Life and Military Journals of Major General Riedesel " (2 vols. 8vo, 1868). STONE, William Oliver, an American painter, born in Derby, Conn., Sept. 26, 1830, died in Newport, R. I., Sept. 15, 1875. He studied under Nathaniel Jocelyn in New Haven, lost all his early pictures by the burning of his studio, and removed to New York in 1851. His first picture exhibited in the national academy was "The Mantilla" (1854), and he afterward painted many portraits of prominent persons, being especially successful in those of women and children. He became a member of the national academy in 1859. STONE BORER, a name given to several bivalve shells, especially pholas (Linn.) and lithodomus (Cuv.), from their power of boring into the hardest rocks. The pholadida (Gr. pwhew, to hide in a hole) are true bivalves, and have two accessory plates in the neighborhood of the hinge for the protection of the dorsal muscles; they belong to the group siphonophora (Gray), or those having long respiratory siphons, united for the greater part of their length; they are all burrowing animals, penetrating the hardest substances. The shells are usually elongated, gaping at one or both ends, and closed by two adductor muscles; the foot is large and powerful, and the mantle is closed; they are found in all climates. The typical genus pholas is often of considerable size, with a white, hard, rough, but very brittle shell, rendering it an interesting question how it can perforate a solid rock; the operation is supposed to be performed by a rotatory motion of the shell effected by the powerful foot. The date shell or piddock (P. dactylus, Linn.), about 2 in. long and 6 or 7 in. wide, is found along the European coast, mostly in calcareous rocks; it is eaten along the Mediterranean. It is very luminous, and hence some have supposed that its excavations may Date Shell (Pholas dactylus). be partly due to electrical action on the sea water. The smaller P. candida (Linn.) is used for bait in England. The P. crispata (Linn.) Stone Borers (Pholas dactylus) which have hollowed out shelters in a block of gneiss. the foot.-Among the asiphonate bivalves, the most remarkable stone borer is the lithodomus lithophagus (Cuv.); it is commonly found in holes which it has excavated in calcareous and coral formations; it is the sea date shell of the Mediterranean, and is a delicate article of food. Its perforations have served as important indications of the change of level of the sea coast in modern times; the columns of the temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli are perforated by these shells at a considerable height above the actual level of the sea.-Another bivalve, coming near the clams, generally considered a stone borer, is saxicava (Lam.), which appears under such a variety of forms that two genera and at least 15 species have been made of the single representative, S. rugosa (Lam.); the young symmetrical form constitutes the genus hiatella (Bosc). It is found in almost all parts of the world, largest in the arctic seas, in crevices of rocks and corals, assuming very exactly the shape of the cavity which contains it; it occurs from low-water mark to the depth of 140 fathoms; it is found fossil in the miocene and glacial deposits. It has been questioned whether saxicava is the excavator of the holes in which it is found, and the subject of the mechanism by which the stone borers operate is by no means well understood.-Sea urchins also may in many instances be called stone borers, the excavation of their cavities being effected by the constant action of their spines, and perhaps also by the vibratile cilia of their ambulacral tubes and suckers. It is conceivable, if not probable, that the continual action of soft vibratile cilia may excavate holes even in the hardest rocks. STONE CHAT (saxicola rubicola, Bechst.), a dentirostral bird of the warbler family, and subfamily erythacina, or old world robins. The bill is short, with broad gape, furnished with bristles; wings long and rounded, with fourth and fifth quills equal and longest; tail short and broad; tarsi and toes slender, and Stone Chat (Saxicola rubicola). hind toe long. There are several species. The stone chat, resident in England but migratory on the continent, is about 44 in. long; the head, throat, and back black, on the latter edged with whitish red; sides of neck, upper part of wings, and rump white; breast orange brown; lower parts reddish white. A similar but migratory species is the whin chat (S. rubetra, Bechst.), so named for its partiality for furze or whin bushes. These two species belong to the subgenus pratincola (Koch). STONE CROP. See SEDUM. STONEHENGE, a collection of huge stones on Salisbury plain, Wiltshire, England, about 8 m. N. of Salisbury. Its name is old Saxon, and signifies "hanging stones." Seen from a distance, they appear to be merely an irregular Stonehenge. mass of stones, but a closer inspection shows them to have been originally arranged to form two ovals within two circles, surrounded by a bank of earth 15 ft. high and 1,010 ft. in circumference. There are altogether about 140 stones, weighing from 10 to 70 tons. They are much weather-worn, but in many of them the sharp angles and the tenons and mortices by which they were joined are well preserved. The outer circle has 17 stones remaining out of 30; the inner has but 8 stones entire, and fragments of 12 others. The inner oval consisted of about 20 smaller stones, of which 11 are still standing; the other oval consisted of 10 stones, of which 8 are remaining. Scattered over the plain are about 300 tumuli, or barrows, some of which have been opened, and found to contain charred human bones, fragments of pottery, and British and Roman ornaments and weapons. In the centre is a flat slab 15 ft. long, which is supposed to have been the altar; it is a grained calcareous sandstone, which strikes fire with steel. On excavating at the foot of this altar, remains of oxen, deer, and other animals were found, intermixed with burnt wood and fragments of Roman and British pottery. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Stonehenge was erected by order of Aurelianus Ambrosius, the last British king, in honor of 460 Britons slain by Hengist the Saxon; but Polydore Vergil argues that it was a monument to the memory of that king. Some authorities believe it to have been a druidic temple, others assert that it was an astronomical observatory, and others that it was a place both of worship and of council, which was also used for assemblies of the people. Similar stone circles have been found in various parts of the world, and Sir John Lubbock refers them all to the bronze age, while other antiquaries and geologists maintain that some of them were erected 10,000 to 50,000 years ago. Nothing has as yet been brought forward to establish any of these theories beyond controversy and doubt. STONE RIVER, Battle of. See MURFREESBORO. STONINGTON, a town, borough, and port of entry of New London co., Conn., on Long Island sound, at the S. E. extremity of the state; pop. of the town in 1870, 6,313, of the borough, 1,561. The town is divided into five voting districts, Stonington borough, the villages of Mystic, Mystic Bridge, and Paucatuck, and the "Road." The borough is built on a narrow rocky point extending about half a mile into the sound, and has a good harbor protected by a breakwater. A second breakwater is now building and a third one is projected. Stonington is a favorite place for summer resort, and has a considerable coasting trade and several vessels employed in sealing. It is connected with Providence by the Stonington and Providence railway, with New London by a branch of the same, and with New York by the New York and Stonington steamboat line. Mystic Bridge is a thriving village, chiefly engaged in ship building. There are in the several villages four banks, a savings bank, 14 churches, 16 public schools, three woollen mills, one cotton mill, a large foundery and machine shop, and several other factories, and a weekly newspaper. On June 30, 1874, its STONY POINT, a small rocky promontory on the right bank of the Hudson river, in Rockland co., N. Y., 42 m. N. of New York, at the entrance of the Highlands, and opposite Verplanck's Point. On both these points forts were built by the Americans during the revolution, which were captured by Sir Henry Clinton about the first of June, 1779, strengthened, and garrisoned; but that on Stony Point was retaken by a bold night attack under Gen. Anthony Wayne, with 1,200 men, July 16, and the garrison of 543 officers and men made prisoners. The Americans had 15 killed and 83 wounded, and the British 63 killed. The simultaneous attack on Verplanck's Point having failed, the works on Stony Point were destroyed and abandoned on the 18th. shipping amounted in the aggregate to 119 ves-situs. Generally speaking, the goods are in sels of 16,978 aggregate tonnage.-The town transit when they are not in the actual posseswas settled in 1649, and the borough was in- sion either of the buyer or of the seller. But corporated in 1801. On Aug. 9 and 10, 1814, the law goes sometimes further than this, and the borough was attacked by the British fleet inquires into the constructive possession; for under Sir Thomas Hardy, but it was compelled the goods may be in the actual possession of by the volunteers and militia to retire. the seller, and yet so far constructively in the possession of the buyer that the seller cannot retain them; or they may be in the actual possession of the buyer, but under such circumstances that the seller's right is not taken away. It becomes, therefore, very important in many instances to ascertain whether the transit is complete. A carrier of goods, by land as well as by sea, acquires a lien on the goods which he carries for the freight money. The goods are still in transit, and may be stopped, so long as the carrier withholds them from the buyer by his lien for the freight, and a seller who seeks to stop them then must discharge this lien. In general, whenever a carrier enters into a new arrangement with the consignee, by which he agrees to hold the goods as the property of the consignee and at his disposal, there is STOPPAGE IN TRANSITU, in law, the arrest- a termination of the transit. Yet all acts in ing by the seller of goods on their passage to a reference to such question must be open to exdistant purchaser who has become insolvent. planation by existing circumstances, the genWhen and how the doctrine of stoppage in eral inquiry in such case being whether the transitu became a part of our law cannot be carrier, warehouseman, wharfinger, or other definitely asserted. Its introduction was com- person having actual possession of the goods paratively recent. The right exists only be- at the time of the intended stoppage in trantween a buyer and a seller. A surety for the situ, was then acting as the agent of the seller price of the goods, bound to pay for them if the or of the buyer; for if of the latter, the tranbuyer does not, has not this right; but one who sit was terminated. If the buyer order the is substantially a seller has. Thus, one ordered goods to be sent to some other person by any by a foreign correspondent to buy goods for suitable conveyance without designating any him, and then buying them in his own name one especially, or by a designated carrier who and on his own credit, and sending them as is not specifically his agent or servant, the goods ordered, may stop them in transitu. So may remain in transitu until they reach that second a principal who sends goods to his factor, or person. Questions of constructive possession one who remits money for any particular pur- arise very frequently in respect to goods in the pose. The reception and negotiation of a bill charge of warehousemen. In general, every for the goods does not defeat the right, nor warehouseman is the agent of any party who does part payment. But goods cannot be puts the goods in his warehouse and can take stopped when they are sent to pay a precedent them out at his pleasure; and therefore his and existing debt.-The right arises only upon possession is the possession of such party. On actual insolvency, which need not be legal or this point it is a material question whether anyformal bankruptcy or insolvency. It is enough thing remains to be done by the seller; if nothif the buyer cannot pay his debts, and also that ing, this goes far to make the warehousing a he refuses to comply with the specially agreed delivery to the buyer. If a seller of goods that terms of the sale, for this is insolvency so far are warehoused delivers an order for them to a as the seller is concerned. When the goods buyer, this alone may not transfer the possesare stopped, the buyer may, by payment of the sion; but if the buyer delivers the order to the price or by tender of security if they were sold warehouseman, this in general transfers the poson credit, defeat the stoppage and reclaim the session, and still more so if the warehouseman goods. If the seller stop the goods mali-enters the same in his books or otherwise acciously, and without actual belief of the insolvency on good grounds, he would doubtless be answerable for any damages which the buyer might sustain. The seller's right to stop the goods cannot be defeated by any sale or mortgage thereof by the buyer, or by any claim or lien or attachment of any other person, except such lien as may arise in favor of any carrier by whom they have been conveyed.-Nice questions have arisen in respect to the tran cepts the order, so as to be responsible for the goods to the buyer. If the buyer sells to a third party, to whom the warehouseman certifies that the goods are transferred to his account, and who thereupon pays the price, the warehouseman becomes responsible to this third party; and if the original seller, though there remained something material to be done by him to the goods, consented to the warehouseman's so certifying, he would be held to |