STEWART, Charles, an American naval officer, born in Philadelphia, July 28, 1778, died in Bordentown, N. J., Nov. 7, 1869. He entered the merchant service at the age of 13 as cabin boy, and rose to the command of an Indiaman. In March, 1798, he entered the navy as lieutenant in the frigate United States, employed in the West Indies against French privateers. In July, 1800, he was appointed to the command of the schooner Experiment, of 12 guns. On Sept. 1 he captured, after an action of 10 minutes, the French schooner Deux Amis, of 8 guns; and soon after, near the island of Barbuda, the French schooner Diana, of 14 guns. He also recaptured several American vessels which had been taken by French privateers. As commander of the brig Siren he participated in the naval operations of 1804 against Tripoli, and aided in the destruction of the frigate Philadelphia. He became captain in 1806. In the summer of 1813 he took command of the Constitution, and in December sailed from Boston upon a cruise to the coasts of Guiana and the Windward islands, which resulted in the capture of the British schooner of war Pictou, of 14 guns, a letter of marque under her convoy, and several merchant vessels.. About the middle of December, 1814, he sailed in the same ship upon a second cruise, and on Feb. 20, 1815, captured, after an action of 40 minutes fought at night, H. B. M. ship Crane, mounting 34 guns, with 185 men, and the sloop of war Levant, of 21 guns and 156 men. The Constitution mounted 52 guns with 470 men. Her loss was 3 killed and 12 wounded, while the total loss of the British ships has been stated at 41: The Levant was recaptured by a British squadron. From 1816 to 1820 Com. Stewart commanded a squadron in the Mediterranean, and from 1821 to 1823 in the Pacific. He afterward served on the board of navy commissioners, and as commander of the home squadron and the naval station at Philadelphia. In 1857 he was placed on the retired list, but resumed service in 1859 as commander of the Philadelphia navy yard, under a new commission as senior flag officer; and on July 16, 1862, he was made a rear admiral on the retired list.

STEWART, Dugald, a Scottish metaphysician, born in Edinburgh, Nov. 22, 1753, died there, June 11, 1828. His father was the Rev. Dr. Matthew Stewart (1717-'85), professor of mathematics in the university of Edinburgh, and author of several mathematical works. He was educated at the high school and university of his native city, heard the lectures of Reid at Glasgow during one term (1771-22), was recalled to Edinburgh to act as his father's substitute in the charge of the mathematical classes, and was formally elected conjoint professor in 1775. For several years he was VOL. XV.-25

on philosophical subjects. He was elected professor of moral philosophy in 1785, and lectured in this department during the next 24 years. His aim was always moral and practical more than speculative, to portray ideal perfection and advance the harmonious culture of all the faculties, intellectual, moral, and sensitive, rather than to teach definite solutions of intellectual problems; and his lectures therefore proceeded from psychology to theories of character and manners, life and literature, taste and the arts, politics and natural theology. The prominence which he assigned to the last subject, as the highest branch of metaphysics, was designed, as he explained, to resist the prevalent skeptical tendencies of the era of the French revolution. From the beginning he gave lectures on the theory of government as a part of the course on moral philosophy, and in 1800 he first delivered a special course on the new science of political economy. He published the first volume of "Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind" in 1792. In the following year he published his "Outlines of Moral Philosophy," and read before the royal society an account of the life and writings of Adam Smith, which was printed in the "Transactions," and was followed by his biographies of Dr. Robertson (1796) and Dr. Reid (1802). Nothing else appeared from his pen till 1810, though in this interval he prepared the matter of all his other writings, with a single exception. In 1806 the sinecure office of gazette writer of Scotland was created for him. He accompanied in that year Lord Lauderdale on his mission to Paris. In 1810 he retired, on account of failing health, from active duty as a professor, and published his "Philosophical Essays." He had in the mean time removed to Kinneil house, on the shore of the frith of Forth, 20 m. from Edinburgh, where he passed the remainder of his life. His later publications are: "Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind," vol. ii. (1814), and vol. iii. (1827); a preliminary dissertation to the supplement of the "Encyclopædia Britannica," entitled "A General View of the Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Science since the Revival of Letters" (part i., 1815; part ii., 1821); and "The Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers" (1828), which was completed only a few weeks before his death. In 1822 paralysis deprived him of the power of speech and of the use of his right hand, but by the aid of his daughter as an amanuensis he continued his studies until disabled by a fresh paralytic shock, which soon terminated fatally.-His collected works were edited by Sir William Hamilton (10 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1854-'8; supplement, 1860). His lectures on political economy were first published in this edition. The 10th volume contains a memoir by John Veitch, with selections from his correspondence.

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medical college, and since June, 1864, in the university of Pennsylvania. He has published "Medical Instruction in the United States" (Philadelphia, 1845); "Elements of General Pathology" (1848); "Report on Medical Literature (1850); The Unity of Medicine" (1856); "Humboldt's Life and Character" (1859); and "Therapeutics and Materia Medica" (2 vols. 8vo, 1860; revised and enlarged, 1864; 4th ed., 1874). His brother MORETON (born Oct. 27, 1822, died Aug. 20, 1855), resident physician of the Pennsylvania hospital in 1848-9, and afterward lecturer to the Philadelphia association for medical instruction, published with Francis Wharton a "Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence" (Philadelphia, 1855; 2d ed., with medical part revised and enlarged by Dr. Alfred Stillé, 1860).

STILLINGFLEET, Edward, an English bishop, born in Cranborne, Dorset, April 17, 1635, died in London, March 27, 1699. He was educated at Cambridge, at the age of 18 obtained a fellowship, and in 1657 was presented to the rectory of Sutton. Subsequently he became chaplain in ordinary to Charles II. and dean of St. Paul's, and in 1689 bishop of Worcester. He published "Irenicum, or the Divine Right of particular Forms of Church Government Examined" (1659), manifesting much more toleration than his later works; "A Rational Account of the Grounds of Protestant Religion" (fol., 1664); "Discourse concerning the Idolatry practised in the Church of Rome" (1671); a sermon against the nonconformists entitled "The Mischief of Separation," to the criticisms upon which he replied in a volume entitled "The Unreasonableness of Separation" (4to, 1681); and tracts against Roman Catholics and Socinians. He is best known by his "Origines Sacræ, or Rational Account of the Grounds of Natural and Revealed Religion" (4to, 1662), and his "Origines Britannicæ, or the Antiquities of the British Churches" (1685). When James II. revived the court of ecclesiastical commission, Stillingfleet refused to be a member of it, and after the revolution of 1688 he published a discourse concerning the illegality of the commission. In the latter part of his life he engaged in a sharp controversy with Locke on the latter's definition of substance and theory of ideas in general. His works were printed in 1710 in 6 vols. fol., to which was added in 1735 a volume of his miscellaneous writings.

STILLWATER, N. Y. See SARATOGA, BAT

TLE OF.

STILLWATER, a city and the county seat of Washington co., Minnesota, on the W. bank of the St. Croix river, 25 m. N. of its junction with the Mississippi, and 16 m. E. N. E. of St. Paul, with which it is connected by two lines of railroad; pop. in 1870, 4,124; in 1875, 5,750. It is the centre of the lumber trade of the St. Croix valley, and contains seven saw mills, a flouring mill, two planing mills, an extensive cooperage and cabinet factory, two

national banks, two large public school buildings, the state prison, a public library, three weekly newspapers, and nine churches.

STILT, a wading bird of the avocet family, and genus himantopus (Briss.). The bill is long, straight, slender, and pointed, with a groove on each side to the middle; wings long and pointed, first quill much the longest; tail short and nearly even; legs very thin and long, with scaled tarsi; toes moderate, joined at the base, with a wide membrane between the outer and middle toes; hind toe wanting; claws small and sharp; neck long. Half a dozen species are found in various parts of the world. The black-necked stilt (H. nigricollis, Vieill.) is about 14 in. long, black above, with forehead, lower parts, rump, and tail white; bill black, and legs red. It is found as far N. as the middle states in spring, frequenting salt marshes in small flocks, and going S. beyond the limits of the United States in autumn; the nests are built in company, at first upon the

wh

Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus nigricollis).

ground, from which they are gradually raised by successive additions; the eggs are usually four, of a pale yellowish clay color, with large irregular blotches and lines of brownish black; the flight is rapid and regular, the legs extending behind; the flesh is indifferent eating. The white stilt (H. melanopterus, Meyer) is of about the same size, and white, with the back and wings shining greenish black, and legs red; it prefers the edges of fresh-water streams, and is found in S. E. Europe, Asia, and Africa; the bill is 3 in. and tarsus 4 in.

STIMPSON, William, an American naturalist, born in Roxbury, Mass., Feb. 14, 1832, died at Ilchester Mills, Howard co., Md., May 26, 1872. He studied under Agassiz, and in 1849 engaged in dredging off the coast of New England. In 1852 he accompanied Agassiz to Norfolk, Va., to investigate the marine fauna of that region. In 1852-'6 he was naturalist to the North Pacific exploring expedition, and in December, 1864, became curator

of the Chicago academy of sciences, and afterward secretary and director of the museum. | The great fire of October, 1871, destroyed his collections and manuscripts, embodying the results of 20 years of scientific labor, including his works on the shells of the E. coast, and on the crustacea of North America, with 500 drawings and 200 illustrations already engraved. He passed the winter of 1871-'2 off the Florida coast, till a hæmorrhage of the lungs ended his activity. His works include "A Revision of the Synonymy of the Testaceous Mollusks of New England" (Boston, 1851); "Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Menan," &c. (in vol. vi. of "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," Washington, 1854); "Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific Shores of North America" (Boston, 1857); Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium Evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem, &c. (8 parts, Philadelphia, 1857-'60); "Notes on North American Crustacea" (New York, 1859); and "Researches upon the Hydrobiinæ and Allied Forms" (1865).

STIRLING, a town of Scotland, capital of Stirlingshire, on the river Forth, 31 m. W. N. W. of Edinburgh; pop. in 1871, 14,279. It is on a height at the head of the navigation of the river, which is crossed by two bridges and a railway. Many of the public buildings are very ancient. The castle, which stands upon a rocky height 220 ft. above the plain, holds a prominent place in the history of Scotland, and is connected with most of the important events that occurred in that kingdom before it was annexed to England. The ancient royal palace is still standing, and there is also a palace begun by James V. and finished by his daughter Mary. There are several ancient churches and some modern ones within the town, besides numerous schools. The town house is very ancient, and the old residence of the earl of Mar is very curious. Stirling has manufactories of woollens, leather, ropes, &c. The river is shallow, but a considerable trade is carried on. The Scottish Central railway passes it, and three other railways have their termini at the town.

STIRLING, Earl of. See ALEXANDER, WILLIAM. STIRLING, Sir William (MAXWELL), a Scottish anthor, born at Kenmure, near Glasgow, in 1818. He graduated at Cambridge in 1839, and resided several years in Spain. He has published Annals of the Artists of Spain" (3 vols. 8vo, 1848), "The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles the Fifth" (1852), and "Velasquez and his Works" (12mo, 1855), and edited the marquis de Villars's Mémoires de la cour d'Espagne sous le règne de Charles II. (4to, 1862). From 1852 to 1865 he was a member of parliament for Perthshire. In 1866 he succeeded to the baronetcy and estates of his uncle, Sir John Maxwell, and assumed the surname of Maxwell. He was elected rector of the university of St. Andrews in 1863, and of that of Edinburgh in 1872.

STIRLINGSHIRE, a central county of Scotland, bordering on the counties of Perth, Clackmannan, Linlithgow, Lanark, and Dumbarton; area, 466 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 98,218. The chief rivers are the Forth, Avon, Kelvin, Endrick, and Carron. Loch Coulter, Loch Elrigg, and half of Loch Lomond are in the county. Ben Lomond, in the N. W. part, rises 3,192 ft. above the sea. Coal and iron are mined; wool and cotton are manufactured; and there are immense iron works at Carron. The principal towns are Stirling, Falkirk, Alva, Bannockburn, and Denny.

STOAT. See ERMINE.

STOBEUS, Joannes, a Greek compiler, probably born at Stobi in Macedonia, lived probably in the 5th century A. D. He made extracts from more than 500 Greek authors, many of whom are not otherwise known to us. The work was early divided into two portions, the one called "Anthology" (Florilegium) or Sermones, the other "Physical, Dialectical, and Ethical Extracts" (Ecloga Physica, Dialecticæ et Ethica). The best edition of both portions is that of Meineke (6 vols., Leipsic, 1855-'62).

STOCK. See GILLIFLOWER.

STOCKBRIDGE, a town of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic river and railroad, 115 m. in direct line W. of Boston, and 12 m. S. by W. of Pittsfield; pop. in 1870, 2,003; in 1875, 2,089. The surface of the town is varied; in the south is Monument mountain, separating it from Great Barrington, in the west West Stockbridge mountain, in the southeast the Beartown mountains, and in the northwest Rattlesnake mountain. Between these are valleys of great beauty. The Housatonic and its affluents drain the town. The Stockbridge or Housatonic Indians, among whom John Sergeant and Jonathan Edwards labored as missionaries, formerly had their home here, but removed westward in 1788. The villages of Glendale and Curtisville have some manufactures. The village of Stockbridge has a hotel, a bank, an insurance office, an incorporated academy, several private schools, a library, and three churches (Congregational, Episcopal, and Roman Catholic).

STOCK EXCHANGE, a place where stocks are bought and sold. In England the term stocks is confined to government stocks, annuities, &c., and the term shares is used for the capital or stock of railroad, banking, and other companies; but in the United States bonds representing national, state, county, and city debts, and the shares of railroads, banks, mining, manufacturing, telegraph, and insurance companies, are all called stocks. In France the word rentes has the same limitation as stocks in England. Dealing in stocks, bonds, and annuities is the business of the stock exchange, and the dealers in them are known as stock brokers and stock jobbers. In New York the traffic in stocks is of two kinds, the regular sales at the first and second boards,