SMITH prominent; and in 1859 he gave pecuniary aid to Brown in preparing for the attack on Harper's Ferry, though he probably had no precise knowledge of his plans. The failure of that attempt, and grief and anxiety for the loss of life which it occasioned, temporarily overthrew his reason, and for some months he was an inmate of the insane asylum at Utica. During the civil war he strongly advocated the cause of the Union and contributed largely for the raising of troops. After its close, he joined with Horace Greeley in 1867 in signing the bail bond by which Jefferson Davis was liberated. Mr. Smith was of a strongly religious nature, and he was in the habit of preaching in a church built by himself. His originally orthodox views underwent great changes, but he is said to have finally returned to them. He printed and distributed gratuitously many pamphlets, speeches, and addresses, and published in book form "Sermons "Speeches in Congress" (1855); and Speeches" (1861); "The Religion of Reason" (1864); "Speeches and Letters" (1865); "The Theologies" (2d ed., 1866); "Nature the Base of a Free Theology" (1867); and "Correspondence with Albert Barnes" (1868). SMITH, Goldwin, an English author, born in Reading, Aug. 13, 1823. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but never practised. In 1858 he became regius professor of modern history at Oxford. During the American civil war he was a warm friend of the federal government, and published "Does the Bible sanction Slavery?" (1863), “On the Morality of the Eman"Letter to a cipation Proclamation" (1863), Whig Member of the Southern Independence Association" (1864), “England and America (1865), and "The Civil War in America" (1866). In September, 1864, he visited the United States. In 1866 he resigned his chair at Oxford, with a view of taking up his residence in America. Coming to this country in 1868, he became professor of English history in Cornell university, and resided at Ithaca till 1871, when he exchanged his chair for that of a non-resident professor, and removed to Toronto. He has since been appointed a member of the senate of the university of Toronto, and from 1872 to 1874 was the editor of the "Canadian Monthly." In 1874 he revisited England. He contributed to the "Anthologia Oxoniana," the "Oxford Essays," and the "Encyclopædia Britannica." His other publications are: "Inaugural Lecture before the University of Oxford" (1859); "Lectures on Modern History,' ," "Foun"Lectures on the Study of History,' dation of the American Colonies," "On some supposed Consequences of Historical Progress," and "Rational Religion" (1861); "Irish History and Irish Character," and "On Church Endowments" (1862); "Empire, a Series of Letters" (1863); "Plea for Abolition of Tests in Oxford" (1864); "Three English Statesmen," sketches of Pym, Cromwell, and Pitt (1867); "Reorganization of the University of SMITH, Henry Boynton, an American clergy- SMITH, James, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, born in Ireland about 1719, died in York, Pa., July 11, 1806. He came to America with his father's family in 1729, studied law in Lancaster, Pa., and after his admission to practice removed to the neighborhood of Shippensburg, and engaged in surveying. After a few years he removed to York, which became his permanent home, and entered upon the legal profession. In 1774 he was chosen a deputy to attend the provincial meeting, or rather "Committee for the Prov-inburgh, purchased the books, manuscripts, and ince of Pennsylvania," which convened at Philadelphia July 15. At this meeting he was one of those who were appointed to " prepare and bring in a draught of instructions to the representatives in assembly met." In 1776 he was chosen a member of the continental congress, in which he continued till 1778; and when congress held its sessions in York, the board of war occupied his law office. 66 SMITH, James and Horace, English authors, associated together in literary history. The former was born in London, Feb. 10, 1775, and died there, Dec. 24, 1839; and the latter was born in London, Dec. 31, 1779, and died at Tunbridge Wells, July 12, 1849. They were the sons of Robert Smith, a legal practitioner of London, and were early trained to an active business life, James in the professional business of his father, and Horace as a member of the stock exchange, in which business he acquired a fortune. The poetical imitations entitled "Horace in London," originally contributed to the "Monthly Mirror," and afterward republished in England and America, were written principally by James. In 1812 the rebuilding of Drury Lane theatre led to the offer of a prize for an opening address; the brothers, in six weeks, completed a series of parodies on the popular authors of the day, in the form of addresses for the prize, and thus arose the well known volume of 'Rejected Addresses." The publisher Murray originally declined giving £20 for the copyright, but after it had run through 16 editions (1819) he purchased it for £131. James Smith during the remainder of his life wrote anonymously for amusement or relief from physical suffering, contributing vers de société and epigrams to the magazines or annuals, or assisting Charles Mathews the actor in the preparation of his "Country Cousins," his "Trip to France," and other "entertainments." A collection of his miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse was published after his death by his brother (2 vols., 1840). Horace, subsequent to 1820, when he retired from business, was for 25 years one of the most industrious authors of England. In 1826 appeared "Brambletye House," one of his earliest novels, and his most successful one. It was succeeded by "Tor Hill," "Reuben Apsley," "Jane Lomax," "The New Forest," and other novels, few of which are now known outside of the circulating libraries. In 1845 the author took a formal leave of the public in the preface to "Love and Mesmerism." A selection from the poetical works of Horace and James Smith, including the "Rejected Addresses," with a memoir by Epes Sargent, was published in New York in 1857. "The Tin Trumpet" (2 vols. 8vo), published anonymously in 1836, was republished in 1869 as the work of Horace Smith. SMITH, Sir James Edward, an English botanist, born in Norwich, Dec. 2, 1759, died there, March 17, 1828. He studied medicine at Ed herbarium of Linnæus, commenced the practice of his profession in London, received the degree of M.D. at Leyden, and in 1788 founded the Linnæan society of London, of which he was the first president. In 1796 he returned to Norwich, though he lectured on botany for two months each year at the royal institution. He wrote "English Botany" (36 vols., with 2,592 colored figures by Sowerby, London, 1792-1807); Flora Britannica (3 vols., 1800'4); "Exotic Botany " (2 vols., 1804–25); "Introduction to Systematical Botany" (1807); and "The English Flora" (3 vols., 1823-'5); and he edited Sibthorp's Flora Græca (1808). SMITH, John, the founder of Virginia, born at Willoughby, Lincolnshire, England, in January, 1579, died in London, June 21, 1631. When young he took part in the wars in the Netherlands, and after four years' service returned home, but went abroad again to fight against the Turks. He distinguished himself by daring exploits in Hungary and Transylvania, and received from Sigismund Báthori a patent of nobility and a pension, but finally was taken prisoner, and sent as a slave to Constantinople. Here he gained the affection of his young mistress, who to secure his safety sent him to her brother, a pasha on the sea of Azov, with a letter in which she confessed her feelings. The proud prince, indignant at the attachment of his sister to a Christian, maltreated Smith, who at length, maddened by an insult, beat out his master's brains with a flail, put on the dead man's clothes, mounted his horse, and finally reached a Russian garrison on the Don. He was here kindly treated and helped on his journey to Transylvania, where he was furnished with money to repair his losses. Smith now returned to England, reaching it after a long journey and an attempt to take part in a war in Barbary, and was persuaded by Capt. Gosnold, who had already visited the coasts of America, to engage in the founding of a colony. The expedition, consisting of three vessels and 105 men, under the command of Newport, set sail Dec. 19, 1606. By the charter, the government of the colony was placed in the hands of a council appointed and removable by the crown; their names were in a sealed box, not to be opened until their arrival at Virginia. On the voyage dissensions sprang up among the leaders, and much enmity was shown to Smith. At the Canaries he was charged with a conspiracy to make himself king of Virginia, and was kept prisoner for the rest of the voyage. After landing the box was opened, and although Smith was named one of the council, he was excluded. With Newport he headed a party of 20 men to discover the source of the James. About six weeks after, when Newport was returning to England, Smith's enemies urged him to return and be reprimanded by the council in England rather than suffer the disgrace of a public conviction in the colony; but he demanded a trial, which resulted in his acquittal, and he was made a member of the council. Bad and scanty food brought on disease among the colonists and reduced their number. The president, Wingfield, embezzled the stores and was deposed. Ratcliffe was made his successor, but the real head was Smith, and to his efforts the salvation of the infant colony was owing. He set about the building of Jamestown, and after providing the settlers with lodgings made excursions into the neighboring country to obtain corn. On one of these expeditions he was taken prisoner by the Indians, and his life was saved, it is said, by the interference of Pocahontas. (See POCAHONTAS.) Sent back to Jamestown by Powhatan after an absence of seven weeks, he found the colony reduced to 40 men, and the most of these had determined to return to England. This, however, Smith prevented, and the arrival of Newport with 120 men raised the spirits of the colonists. In June and July, 1608, Smith explored the coasts of Chesapeake bay as far as the mouth of the Patapsco. On July 24 he started on another expedition, and explored the head of the Chesapeake, returning to Jamestown on Sept. 7. In these two voyages Capt. Smith sailed, by his own computation, about 3,000 m., and from his surveys constructed a map of the bay and the country bordering upon it. Being now president of the colony, he administered its affairs with energy; and his influence restored quiet to the colony, which had been filled with dissensions and disturbed by fears of the Indians. Smith's administration, however, had not been satisfactory to the company in England, whose too brilliant hopes had been disappointed, and whose irritation Smith's soldierly bluntness did not conciliate. A new charter was granted, and the powers previously reserved to the king were transferred to the company. Lord Delaware was made governor, and three commissioners, Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Somers, were empowered to manage the affairs of the colony till his arrival. They set sail with more than 500 emigrants, and a part of the fleet, in a shattered condition, and without the commissioners, reached Virginia in August, 1609. The new emigrants were mostly "dissolute gallants, packed off to escape worse destinies at home, broken tradesmen, gentlemen impoverished in spirit and in fortune, rakes and libertines, men more fitted to corrupt than found a commonwealth." Disorders quickly ensued, and Smith, at the request of the better part of the colony, resumed the government. The refractory were put in prison, and new settlements established. Returning from one of them, he was severely injured by the explosion of a bag of gunpowder, and in September, 1609, returned to England. In 1614 he explored with two ships the New England coast, and on his return presented to Prince Charles a map of the country between the Penobscot and Cape Cod. In 1615 he sailed again to New England, to found a col ony. His vessel was captured by a French man-of-war, and he was carried to La Rochelle. He escaped, and on his return home wrote an account of his voyages to New England, which was published in 1616. The remainder of his life was passed in retirement. He published several works, the most important of which are "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles" (1626), and "The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captain John Smith, in Europe, Asia, Affrica, and America, from 1593 to 1629" (1630). These two works were reprinted at Richmond in 1819. In 1631 he published also "Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or anywhere, or the Pathway to Experience to Erect a Plantation." This has been reprinted with a facsimile of Smith's map of New England (4to, Boston, 1865); also the "Description of New England" (4to, 1865), and "A True Relation of Virginia," reprinted from the London edition of 1608, with an introduction and notes by Charles Deane (4to, 1866).—See "Life of Capt. John Smith," by G. S. Hillard, in Sparks's "American Biography," vol. ii. SMITH, John Augustine, an American physician, born in Westmoreland co., Va., Aug. 29, 1782, died in New York, Feb. 9, 1865. He went in 1809 to New York, where he edited the "Medical and Physiological Journal," and was a lecturer on anatomy in the college of physicians and surgeons. In 1814 he removed to Virginia, and was president of William and Mary college till 1826, when he resigned and returned to New York. He was president of the college of physicians and surgeons from 1831 to 1843, and editor of the "Medical and Physiological Journal." He published "Introductory Discourse at the New Medical College in Crosby Street" (1827); "Select Discourse on the Functions of the Nervous System" (1840); "The Mutations of the Earth' (1846); Monograph upon the Moral Sense, two Discourses" (1847); “Prelections on Moral and Physical Science" (1853); and numerous essays and lectures on moral philosophy, physical science, &c. 66 SMITH, John Lawrence, an American chemist and mineralogist, born near Charleston, S. C., Dec. 16, 1818. He graduated at the university of Virginia and at the medical college of South Carolina, and for three years studied chemistry, physiology, physics, mineralogy, and geology in Europe. In 1844 he commenced the practice of medicine in Charleston, delivered lectures on toxicology, paid attention to agricultural chemistry, and ascertained the character and value of the marl beds extending 100 m. back of Charleston. In 1846 he was employed by the Turkish government to suggest improvements in the cotton culture in Asia Minor, and accepted the appointment of mining engineer. He remained four years, and in 1849 made a report on the "Thermal Waters of Asia Minor." His mining researches in Asia Minor led to the subsequent discovery of emery and corundum in localities in the United States. After his return in 1851 he invented the inverted microscope, and was professor of chemistry in the university of Virginia, and subsequently in the medical department of the university of Louisville, Ky., and is now (1876) scientific superintendent of the Louisville gas works. In 1867 he was a commissioner to the Paris exposition, making a report on "The Progress and Condition of Several Departments of Industrial Chemistry," and in 1873 to the Vienna exhibition. In 1872 he was elected president of the American association for the advancement of science. His scientific reports are numerous, and his original researches, about 50 in number, have been collected in a volume, "Mineralogy and Chemistry: Original Researches" (8vo, Louisville, 1873). (See EMERALD, and EMERY.) against them, and their speedy removal to Hancock county, Ill., where they built a city called Nauvoo, and constructed another costly temple. Here Smith, who combined in his own person the chief military, municipal, and ecclesiastical offices, introduced polygamy under a pretended revelation; but several outraged husbands revolted and established an opposition press, which Smith with a mob demolished. For this warrants were issued against Smith, his brother Hyrum, and others. The Smiths refused obedience to the authorities, the state militia were summoned, and war was threatened; but they were finally induced to surrender, and were imprisoned. Fearing their release, a mob gathered, overcame the prison guard, and shot the prisoners dead, Joseph defending himself with a revolver till his ammunition failed. (See MORMONS.) SMITH, Joseph Mather, an American physiSMITH, John Pye, an English clergyman, born cian, born at New Rochelle, N. Y., March 14, in Sheffield, May 25, 1774, died in Guildford, 1789, died in New York, April 22, 1866. He Surrey, Feb. 5, 1851. In his 22d year he en- graduated in medicine in 1815 at the college of tered the Independent academy at Rotherham, physicians and surgeons, New York. In 1826 and in 1800 was chosen classical tutor in the he was appointed professor of the theory and Homerton theological academy. He subse- practice of medicine in the college of physiquently became pastor of a church at Homer-cians and surgeons, and in 1829 attending phyton, and in 1813 he was appointed divinity sician to the New York hospital. In 1855 his tutor. From 1843 to 1850 he was again classi-chair was exchanged for that of materia medcal tutor; but on the consolidation of Homer-ica and clinical medicine. His most important ton, Highbury, and Coward academies into publications are: "Elements of the Etiology New college, he resigned. He was a fellow and Philosophy of Epidemics" (New York, of the royal and of the geological society. His 1824); "Report on Practical Medicine " principal works are: "The Scripture Testimo- ("Transactions of the American Medical Asny to the Messiah" (3 vols., 1818-'21; 5th ed., sociation," 1848, vol. i.); Report on Public 2 vols., 1868); "Four Discourses on the Sac- Hygiene" (ibid., 1850, vol. iii.); "Medical Torifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ" (3d ed., pography and Epidemics of the State of New 1827); "On the Personality and Divinity of York" (ibid., 1860, vol. xiii.); and "Therapeuthe Holy Spirit" (1831); “The Mosaic Ac- ties of Albuminuria ” (“ Bulletin of the New count of the Creation and the Deluge illus- York Academy of Medicine," 1863, vol. ii.). trated by the Discoveries of Modern Science" (1837); and "Scripture and Geology" (1839; 4th ed., greatly enlarged, 1848; 5th ed., 1854). -See "Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John Pye Smith," by J. Medway (1853). SMITH, Joseph, founder of the Mormon church, or church of Latter Day Saints, born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805, killed at Carthage, Ill., June 27, 1844. His parents, of Scotch descent, early removed to Palmyra, N. Y. The family was disreputable, and Joseph's education was very defective. With the aid of Sidney Rigdon he brought forth the "Book of Mormon," which he pretended to have discovered under angelic guidance, written on plates and hidden in the earth; and on this he founded and organized his church in Manchester, N. Y., April 6, 1830. In 1831 he went with his disciples to Kirtland, O., and erected a costly but very singular temple. Here Smith and Rigdon engaged in fraudulent banking, were tarred and feathered for this and other offences in 1832, and after the failure of their bank in January, 1838, fled to Missouri. There, in a town named Far West, Smith's disciples gathered; but their irregularities occasioned an outbreak 66 SMITH, Robert Payne, an English orientalist, born in Gloucestershire in November, 1818. He graduated at Pembroke college, Oxford, in 1841, took orders, was curate of Trinity church and master of the academy in Edinburgh, and subsequently was head master of the proprietary school in Kensington. In 1857 he was appointed sub-librarian of the Bodleian library, with special charge of the oriental manuscripts. In 1865 he was made canon of Christ church, Oxford, and regius professor of divinity in the university. Since 1871 he has been dean of Canterbury. He has published annotated copies and English versions of Syriac manuscripts, including "Cyril of Alexandria's Commentary on St. Luke's Gospel" (4to, Oxford, 1858; English version, 2 vols. 8vo, 1859) and "Ecclesiastical History of John of Ephesus" (8vo, 1860). He has also published a Latin "Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the Bodleian Library" (4to, 1864), "Authenticity and Messianic Interpretation of the Prophecies of Isaiah" (8vo, 1862), and "Prophecy a Preparation for Christ' (Bampton lectures for 1869). In 1873 he prepared a paragraphic Bible for the society for promoting Christian SMITH knowledge. In 1874 he was understood to be preparing a commentary on Jeremiah, for the "Speaker's Commentary," and was engaged upon the Thesaurus Syriacus, of which up to 1872 two parts had been published. are: as a lecturer. Among her later publications SMITH, Samuel Stanhope, an American clergyman, born at Pequea, Pa., March 16, 1750, SMITH, Sydney, an English author, born at died in Princeton, N. J., Aug. 21, 1819. He graduated at Princeton college in 1767, and Woodford, Essex, June 3, 1771, died in Lonfrom 1770 to 1773 was tutor there. He was don, Feb. 22, 1845. He was educated at New then for some time a missionary in western college, Oxford, where in 1790 he obtained a Virginia, and was principal of the seminary fellowship of £100 a year. He took orders, which became the Hampden Sidney college. and in 1794 became curate in the parish of In 1779 he was appointed professor of moral Netheravon, in Salisbury plain; but three philosophy in the college of New Jersey, of years later he went to Edinburgh as a private which he was president from 1794 to 1812. tutor. In 1802 he was associated with MurIn 1786 he was associated with several other ray, Jeffrey, Brougham, Horner, and others in clergymen of the Presbyterian church in pre-establishing the "Edinburgh Review," to the Soon afterward he went to paring the form of presbyterial government first number of which, as editor, he contributed which continues to the present time. He pub- seven articles. lished "Causes of the Variety in the Figure London, where his sermons attracted large and and Complexion of the Human Species" (8vo, fashionable congregations, and in 1804-'6 he 1787); "Sermons " (1799); "Lectures on the delivered courses of lectures on moral phiEvidences of the Christian Religion" (12mo, losophy before the royal institution. A post1809); and "A Comprehensive View of the humous volume, entitled "Elementary Sketchleading and most important Principles of Nat- es of Moral Philosophy" (1850), contains the ural and Revealed Religion" (8vo, 1816). His substance of these. Upon the return of the "Sermons," with a memoir of his life and whigs to power in 1806, he was presented to In 1807-'8 apwritings, were published in 1821 (2 vols. 8vo). the living of Foston-le-Clay in Yorkshire, SMITH. I. Seba, an American author, born in worth about £500 a year. Buckfield, Me., Sept. 14, 1792, died in Patch- peared anonymously his "Letters on the SubHe graduated at ject of the Catholics, by Peter Plymley," which, ogne, L. I., July 29, 1868. Bowdoin college in 1818, and settled in Port- owing to an admirable mixture of sound sense, land, where he edited the "Eastern Argus" irony, and pleasantry, had an immense circu(1820-224) and the "Courier" (1830-'37). In lation; and his efforts in the cause of Cath1842 he removed to New York. He published olic emancipation were never relaxed until that measure was accomplished. In 1809 he "Life and Letters of Major Jack Downing" (Boston, 1833), a celebrated series of humorous published two volumes of sermons, and in the summer of that year removed with his political letters; "Powhatan," a metrical romance (1841); "Dewdrops of the Nineteenth family to Heslington, near York, where he re"New Ele-sided for a few years, in the hope of being Century," miscellanies (1846); "Way Down able to exchange Foston-le-Clay for some more ments of Geometry" (1850); East, or Portraitures of Yankee Life" (1854); desirable parish. Failing in this, he turned and "My Thirty Years out of the Senate, by his thoughts toward Foston, the forlorn conMajor Jack Downing " (1859-'60). II. Elizabeth dition of which he characteristically described Oakes (PRINCE), an American authoress, wife of by saying it was "actually twelve miles from the preceding, born in North Yarmouth (now a lemon," constructed a parsonage, and in the In 1828 Lord Lyndhurst apCumberland), Me. She married Mr. Smith at spring of 1814 moved with his family into his the age of 16, and about the same time became new quarters. an anonymous contributor of poems to the pe- pointed him canon of Bristol and rector of riodical press. After her removal with her Combe-Florey, near Taunton, and three years husband to New York in 1842 she frequently later he received a prebendal stall in St. Paul's. In The remainder of his life was devoted to the appeared before the public as a lecturer. 1843 appeared the first considerable collection discharge of his official duties, and to literary Having of her poetical pieces under the title of "The labors; but he wrote nothing for the "EdinSinless Child and other Poems," and her metri- burgh Review" subsequent to 1827. cal contributions to the magazines have since come into the possession of a considerable esbeen numerous. She is the author of "The tate by the death of his brother Courtenay in Roman Tribute" and "Jacob Leisler," trage- 1843, he invested largely in the public stock of dies; "The Western Captive" and "Bertha and Pennsylvania; and the neglect of that state to Lily," novels; "The Salamander, a Legend pay the interest on her bonds called out his "Petition to Congress" and "Letters on Amerfor Christmas;" and children's books and miscellaneous publications. In 1851 she published ican Debts," writings overflowing with humorous invective. His humor never left him, "Woman and her Needs," a work devoted to the rights of woman, which Mrs. Smith has and under the last regimen of his physician at various times advocated by her pen and he expressed his longing for "even the wing |