lock, mark, or seal be wilfully opened, altered, or broken, or if any such stores be secretly conveyed away, either while such ship or vessel remains at her first port of departure, or at any other port or place in the U. K., or on her passage from one such port or place to another, before the final departure of such ship or vessel on her foreign voyage, the master shall forfeit the sum of 207.-§ 144.

Ships not bringing to at Stations, Penalty 201.—If any ship departing from any port in the U.K. shall not bring to at such stations as shall be appointed by the Commissioners of Customs for the landing of officers from such ships, or for further examination previous to such departure, the master of such ship shall forfeit the sum of 20.- 145.

Time of Exportation and Departure defined. The time at which any goods shall be shipped on board any export ship shall be deemed to be the time of exportation of such goods, and the time of the last clearance of any ship shall be deemed to be the time of departure of such ship.-§ 146.

Goods prohibited by Proclamation.— The following goods may, by proclamation or order in council, be prohibited either to be exported or carried coastwise: arms, ammunition, and gunpowder, military and naval stores, and any articles which H. Majesty shall judge capable of being converted into or made useful in increasing the quantity of military or naval stores, provisions, or any sort of victual which may be used as food by man, and if any goods so prohibited shall be exported from the U. K. or carried coastwise, or be water-borne to be so exported or carried, they shall be forfeited.—§ 147.

Then follow the clauses in regard to the COASTING TRADE, COLONIAL TRADE, and SMUGGLING, which see.

The commissioners of customs, agreeably to the powers given them to that effect by the foregoing statute, and others, have appointed the undermentioned places, within the several ports of the U. K., at which vessels coming into or departing out of such ports shall bring to, for the boarding or landing of customs' officers.

The following clause in the act 16 & 17 Vict. c. 107. has reference to this matter. If any ship coming into the U. K. or into the Channel Islands, shall not come as quickly up to the proper place of mooring or unlading as the nature of the port will admit, without touching at any other place, and in proceeding to such proper place shall not bring to at the stations appointed by the Commissioners of Customs for the boarding of ships by the officers of customs, or if after arrival at such place such ship shall remove from such place, except directly to some other proper place of mooring or unlading, and with the knowledge of the proper officer of the customs, or if the master of any ship on board of which any officer is stationed neglect or refuse to provide every such officer sufficient room under the deck in some part of the forecastle or steerage for his bed or hammock, the master of such vessel shall forfeit the sum of 20%. — § 47.

Ports.

LONDON

ABERYSTWITH.

AberdoveyALDBOROUGH ARUNDEL ·

ENGLAND.

Stations for bringing-to.

• Gravesend Reach, below the Custom-
house.

On the bar, or a little above the junction
of the rivers Rhydol and Ystwith.

A little to the westward of the town, in the
river Dovey.

· Orford haven, the entrance to the rivers
Ore and Alde.

The piles on the eastern side of the river,
between the revenue watch-house and
the Duke of Norfolk's Quay, in the har.
bour of Littlehampton.

Skern and watch-house, Appledore.
• Opposite the town, at Fryar's Road.
Within the harbour.

In the roadstead opposite the town.

In the bay off the town, opposite the Bell
Tower, and at Abernienoi.

At the entrance of the harbour, by the
Gimblet Rock.

• In the harbour.

CARDIFF

CARDIGAN

- At Pwllcam, a little inside the bar or har-
bour's mouth.

CARLISLE

CHEPSTOW

CHESTER

CHICHESTER
CLAY - .
COLCHESTER

COWES (EAST)

DARTMOUTH

Roadstead of Cowes, extending from east

to west about 24 miles.

Between the mouth of the harbour and
Sandquay Point.

At the mouth of the harbour and Snaps
Point.

In the Downs, in open roadstead.

The outer harbour.

Between the mouth of Faversham Creek
and the Horse Sand in the East Swale.
At the mouth of Milton Creek in the
Swale.

FOWEY · - Near the Custom-house, not far from the
entrance of the harbour.

GLOUCESTER.

Stations for bringing to.

At the outfall, near the entrance of the harbour.

Hull Roads.

Durgan Roads, just at the entrance of the
river Hel.

In the harbour, between the Guard and
Walton Ferry.

Hull Roads, between the east end of the
citadel and the entrance to the Humber
dock to the westward.

Glasson Dock, on the river Lune.
Sea Dyke, entrance of the river Wyre.
Pile Cowdry, near the Isle of Walney.
Leigh Slade, or Leigh Swatch, which
channel is formed by the spit of a sand
called Marsh End, leading from the east
end of Canvy Island, and nearly opposite
to a windmill, called the Hamlet Mill,
situate upon the Cliff, about a mile to
the westward of Southend, and about 2
miles from Leigh.

At the entrance of the respective docks.
The basin within the pier or cobb of Lyme
Regis.

Nottingham Point, intermediate space be-
tween Common Strath Quay, where the
estuary narrows into a river, about 3
miles below the town, or as near as cir-
cumstances permit within the point.
Barrow Hills, opposite Blackwater River,
Maldon.

In the haven, opposite the town of Milford.

The entrance of the harbour.

Opposite the watch-house, at the entrance of the river Tyne.

Low Lights, North Shields.

At the entrance of the harbour.

In the stream, between the piers and the tide surveyor's watch-house.

At the watch house, 1 mile from the Cus-
tom-house.

Hawker's Cove, within the harbour.
Gwavas Lake.

St. Michael's Mount Roads.

Within the line of the breakwater, viz.
the Sound, Catwater, and Hamoaze.
At the entrance of the harbour, between
South Deep, opposite Brownsea Castle,
and the Essex buoy, opposite the castle
stables.

Between Blockhouse Point and the north
end of her Majesty's dockyard.

In the roadstead, within 1 mile of the Spil
Buoy.

In the harbour.

In the harbour.

Stations for bringing-to.

At the entrance of the harbour.

Sheerness.

The outer channel, and in Stag's Hole, in
the inner channel.

In the open roadstead.
In the open roadstead.

Entrance of the harbour, opposite_the
light-house, at the end of Vincent's Pier.
Near the entrance of the harbour, in the
western branch, opposite the customs
watch-house and Kingston Wharf.
Itchen buoy, or Bursledon buoy.
Opposite the jetty, near the entrance of
the harbour.

Ninth buoy, or opposite Cleveland Port.
In the bay, within mile of St. Ives pier.
The same.

At the entrance of the harbour, near the
watch-house on the South pier.

In the harbour.

Briton Ferry, near the entrance of Neath

river.

South Quay at Ayr.

The Legal Quays.

BORROWSTONESS The harbour.

Inverkeithing

CAMPBELTOWN

DUMFRIES

DUNDEE

Newburgh and

Perth

GLASGOW

GRANGEMOUTH

The harbour.

The harbour.

The harbour.

The harbour.

Caroline Roads, 1 mile to the eastward

- of the harbour of Dundee.

Entrance of the harbour.
Entrance of the harbour.
Alloa roadstead.

Kincardine roadstead.

From Gravel Point, to the eastward of the
town of Greenock, in the county of Ren-
frew, to Kempock Point, being the
western point of Gourock Bay, including
therein Cartsdyke Bay, Greenock Roads,
the anchorage at the tail of the bank,
and Gourock Bay.
Rothsay Bay, lying and being within
Boyany Point, on the east of the town of
Rothsay, in the Isle of Bute, county of
Bute, and Ardmalish Point on the west
of the said town.

Oban Bay, in the county of Argyle, as
lies within Fishing-house Point on the
eastern side, and Currick Point on the
western side of the said bay.

The bay of Tobermory, lying and being
within Leidag Point to the south-east,
Portmore Point to the north-west, and
the Isle of Calve on the east of Tober-
mory, Isle of Mull, county of Argyle.
The roadstead of Inverary, lying and being
off the town of Inverary, in the county
of Argyle, and extending a mile north-
east of the quay of the said town.
Lochgilphead Roads, at the east end of the
Crinan Canal, lying and being within

Stromness.
LEITH-

Dunbar
Fisherrow

LERWICK
MONTROSE -

Arbroath
PORT GLASGOW

STORNAWAY
STRANRAER
Port Patrick
THURSO

Wick

BALTIMORE

Stations for bringing-to.

Ardrishaig Point, on the western side of Lochgilphead and Kilmory Point, on the eastern side of the said loch.

The harbour.

The harbour.

Entrance of the harbour.

Burntisland Roads.

Kirkaldy Bay.

Largo Bay.

Entrance to their respective harbours.
St. Andrew's Bay.

The Bay or Kirkwall Roads, extending
along the beach, in a north east direction
to Thief's Holm, and in a westerly direc-
tion to Quanterness Skerry, thence in a
southerly direction to the Legal Quays.
The bay called Cairston Roads.

Between the martello tower and chain pier at Newhaven.

In the harbour.

In the harbour.

In the bay, opposite the Custom-house.
Within the bar, at the entrance of the river
South Esk, which is called the Still.
The harbour.

Port Glasgow Roads, or roadstead, com-
mencing at the black and white che-
quered buoy, on the east point of the bank
called the Perch, distant from the har-
bour about 200 yards, and extending in a
south-easterly direction by the course of
the river Clyde to the old ruins called
Newark Castle.

The harbour.
The harbour.

The harbour.

Thurso Bay, within Holburn Head to the anchorage ground at Scrabster Roads. Wick Bay, when abreast or within the headland called the Old Man of Wick.

IRELAND.

Castle Torensend At the entrance of the harbours' of Castle Townsend, Baltimore, Crook Haven, and Bere Haven.

Crook Haven

Bere Haven

BELFAST

(Floating Stn.)}

COLERAINE
CORK (COVE)

West Passage
Kinsale

Between Ferry Point to the south ward and
Horse Head to the north-west.

Upper Cove on the eastern side of the
harbour.

Within the entrance of the harbour, between Blackball Head to the eastward, and Ferry Point.

North Crook, at the entrance of the Boyne. In the river Boyne, opposite Queenborough.

Pigeon-house, between the harbour light-
house and the end of the North Wall.
Soldiers' Point.

To the eastward, or under the shelter of
Matton Island.

Tarbert's Roads to the southward of Tar-
bert Island, in the county of Kerry.
Greencastle, situate on the north side of
Lough Foyle.

Warren Point Roads.

Ballyheury Bay or Audley's Town Bay.
Oyster Island.

Anchorage of Killibegs.

In the river, abreast of Ward Town

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, the articles imported into and exported from a country. We have explained in another article (BALANCE OF TRADE) the mode in which the value of the imports and exports is officially determined by the Custom-house, and have shown the fallacy of the common notions as to the advantages of the exports exceeding the imports. The scale of prices according to which the official value of the imports and exports is determined having been fixed so far back as 1698, the account is of no use as showing their true value; but it is of material importance as showing the fluctuations in their quantity. We were anxious, had the means existed, to have given accounts of the quantities of the various articles imported and exported at different periods during the last century, that the comparative increase or diminution of the trade in each might have been exhibited in one general view. Unluckily, however, no means exist for completing such an account. The Tables published by Sir Charles Whit

An Account of the Value of the Imports into, and of the Exports from the U. Kingdom, during each of the undermentioned Years from 1798 to 1857, both inclusive, calculated at the Official Rates of Valuation, and distinguishing the Amount of the Produce and Manufactures of the U. Kingdom exported from the Value of the Foreign and Colonial Merchandise exported; exhibiting, also, the Real or Declared Value of the Produce and Manufactures of the U. K. annually exported therefrom.

N.B-The account of the declared or real value of the exports was first taken in 1798, having been introduced by the Convoy Act of that year.

worth, Mr. Macpherson, and others, specify only the aggregate official value of the imports from and exports to particular countries, without specifying the articles or their values of which such imports and exports consisted. And on applying at the Custom-house, we found that the fire in 1814 had destroyed the records; so that there were no means of compiling any complete account of the value of the articles imported or exported previously to that period. We have, however, given in the preceding tables as complete a view of the trade of Great Britain with all parts of the world, from 1760 down to 1857, both inclusive, as can be derived from existing materials. And the subsequent tables, and those dispersed through the work, give a view of that trade in detail, that is, in particular articles, and with particular countries.

During the first half of last century, and previously, woollen goods formed the principal article of native produce exported from Great Britain; and next to it were hardware and cutlery, leather manufactures, linen, tin and lead, copper and brass manufactures, coal, earthenware, provisions, slops, &c. Corn formed a considerable article in the list of exports down to 1770; since which period the balance of the corn trade has been, with few exceptions, very decidedly on the side of importation. Cotton did not begin to be of any importance as an article of export till after 1770; but since then the extension and improvement of the cotton manufacture has been so great, that the exports of cotton stuffs and yarn amount, at this moment, to about one-third part or more of the entire exports of British produce and manufactures. The value of the exports of iron and other metallic products has also increased with extraordinary rapidity, and they are now, next to cotton stuffs and yarn, the leading articles in the list of exports. The export of woollen goods has latterly been very considerably augmented, after being for a while comparatively stationary.

The principal articles of import during the last half century have consisted of sugar, tea, corn, timber, and naval stores, cotton wool, sheep's wool, woods and drugs for dyeing, wine and spirits, tobacco, silk, tallow, hides and skins, coffee, spices, bullion, &c. Of the colonial and other foreign products imported into England, considerable quantities have always been re-exported.

Decline in the Real Value of the Exports.-The rapid increase in the official, compared with the slow increase in the real, value of the exports since 1815, has given rise to a great deal of irrelevant discussion. It has been looked upon as a proof that our commerce was becoming less prosperous, whereas, in point of fact, a precisely opposite conclusion should be drawn from it. We have already stated (art. BALANCE OF TRADE) that the rates according to which the official values of the exports are determined were fixed so far back as 1696, so that they have long ceased to be of importance as affording any criterion of their actual value. To remedy this defect, a plan was formed in 1798 for keeping an account of the real value of the exports as ascertained by the declarations of the exporters. Those who believe that our trade is getting into a bad condition, contend that the great increase in the official value of the exports since 1815 shows that the quantity of the articles exported has been proportionally augmented; while the slow increase of their real value shows that we are selling this larger quantity of produce for a proportionally smaller price,—a result which, they affirm, is most injurious. But the circumstance of a manufacturer or merchant selling a large or a small quantity of produce at the same price, affords no criterion by which to judge of the advantage or disadvantage of the sale; for if, in consequence of improvements in the arts or otherwise, a particular article may now be produced for half the expense that its production cost 20 or 30 years ago, it is obvious that double the quantity of it may be afforded for the same price, without injury to the producers. Now this is the case with some of the most important articles exported from England. Cotton and cotton yarn form, as stated above, a third part or more of the entire value of the exports; but since 1815 there has been an extraordinary fall in their price, occasioned partly by the fall in the price of the raw material, but more by the wonderful improvements that have been effected in all departments of the manufacture. (See art. CorTON, passim.) And a reduction, to a greater or less extent, proceeding from the like causes, has taken place in the price of other leading articles of export.

A fall having also taken place in the prime cost, and consequently also in the price, of most of the principal articles of import, we obtain, at this moment, a much larger quantity of the produce of other countries in exchange for the articles we send abroad, than at any former period. The fall has been particularly sensible in the great articles of cotton and sheep's wool, corn, sugar, indigo, pepper, &c. The imports of all sorts of foreign merchandise have been increasing rapidly since 1815, and it is material to bear in mind, that we had no gold coin in circulation at that epoch, and that besides the greater quantities of other articles, we have imported in the intervening period, from 80,000,000l. to 90,000,000, of gold and silver for currency only. The truth is, therefore, that instead of the decline in the real value of some of our exports having been in any degree prejudicial, it has been, in all respects, distinctly and completely the reverse. It has insured for our goods a decided superiority in every market, while, as the cost of the goods has fallen in an equal degree, their production continues to be equally advantageous. It appears, too, that a similar fall has been going on in other countries; so that while we send more goods to the foreigner, we get back more of his in return. Instead of being an evidence of decline, increased facilities of production and increased cheapness are the most characteristic and least equivocal marks of commercial prosperity.

Account of the Real or Declared Value of the Various Articles of the Manufacture and Produce of the U. Kingdom, exported to Foreign Countries and British Possessions during each of the 5 Years ending with 1857, specifying the Countries to which they were exported, and the Value of those annually Shipped for each; and showing, also, the Average Amount of Exports during the said 5 Years to each Country, and the Average Proportion exported to each, supposing the whole Exports to be 1000.