Modern Seamanship

§ I. PRELIMINARY. § II. STEAMERS MEETING. § III. STEAMERS CROSS-
ING. Relative Speeds of the two Vessels as Affecting the Point of Meet-
ing. IV. STEAMERS CROSSING (continued). Discussion of the Manou-
vres proper for Avoiding Collision (with diagrams). Manœuvre for

Giving-way Ship.-Manœuvre for Holding-on Ship.-A Steamer and a
Sailing Vessel. § V. IN A FOG. General Discussion.-Manœuvres Proper
Under Various Conditions. § VI. SPEED IN A FOG. The Law as to Mod-
erate Speed. Reasonableness of the Law.-Fallacy of the Arguments in
Favor of High Speed......
...page 292

CHAPTER XIV.

PILOTING.

§ I. FIXING THE SHIP'S POSITION. The Chart.-Bearings.-Danger

Angle.-Distance of an Object in the Horizon.-Distance of an Object
by Two Bearings.-Bow and Beam Bearings. § II. CURRENTS. Danger
Due to Currents.-Tidal Currents.-Slack Water Distinguished from High
and Low.-Effect of Local Conditions upon Tidal Currents. § III. NAVI-
GATING IN A FOG. Speed in a Fog.-Navigating by Soundings.-Use of
Sounding Machine. § IV. BUOYAGE. General Rules as to Buoyage.—
Buoyage of United States Waters.

CHAPTER XV.

HANDLING A STEAMER ALONGSIDE A DOCK.

..page 308

§ I. PRELIMINARY. The Effects of Lines, Helm and Currents.-The

Effect of a "Spring."-Advantages of Twin Screws. § II. PRACTICAL

CASES. Handling Steamers without Tugs. Putting a Right-handed Screw

Vessel Alongside under Various Conditions.-Head Tide.-Fair Tide.-

Working into a Restricted Berth. § III. WORKING INTO A SLIP. Use of a

Spring. Use of the Helm.-A Head Tide.-A Fair Tide.-Hauling into a

Dry Dock.-To Wind a Steamer at a Dock.-To Wind a Steamer in

Making a Landing.-Getting Clear of a Dock. § IV. HANDLING A LARGE

VESSEL WITH THE AID OF TUGS. Docking of a Large Ocean Liner at New

York. Undocking

.page 326

CHAPTER XVI.

PLACING A SHIP IN DRY DOCK.

The Docking Plan.-Fittings of a Dock.-Preparations for Docking.--

Floating the Vessel in.-Pumping Out the Dock and Securing the Ship.

-Precautions.-Inspection of Underwater Hull.-Flooding the Dock and

Floating the Ship................
.page 347

CHAPTER XVII.

WEATHER AND THE LAWS OF STORMS.

§ I. WEATHER, WINDS, CLOUDS AND RAINFALL. Weather Maps of the
World for January and July.-Isobars.-Highs and Lows.-Cyclones and
Anti-cyclones.-Weather of Cyclones and Anti-cyclones.—Velocity of Wind

Dependent upon Barometric Gradient.-Moisture and Precipitation.—

General Wind Circulation.-Explanation of the Motion of Rotation in

Cyclones and Anti-cyclones.-Buys-Ballots Law.-Trade Winds.-West-

erlies.-General Eastward Movement of the Atmosphere in High Lati-

tudes. Weather Changes and Weather Prediction.-Weather Maps of the

United States.-Temperature Changes.-Precipitation.—Monsoons.—Land

and Sea Breezes.-The Barometer.-Clouds. § II. THE LAW OF STORMS.

The Origin of Tropical Hurricanes.-Air and Cloud-Circulation in a Hur-

ricane.—Motion of Rotation.—Motion of Translation.—Chart Illustrating

the Progress of a Hurricane.—Shifts of Wind.-The Storm Wave.—Indi-

cations of an Approaching Hurricane.-Rules for Manoeuvring in a Hur-

ricane. Difference between a Steamer and a Sailing Vessel.......page 352

CHAPTER XVIII.

HANDLING STEAMERS IN HEAVY WEATHER.

§ I. LYING-TO. Lying-to with Sea on the Bow.-Objections to the Pre-

ceding Method in a Modern Steamer.-Drag of the Propeller.-Lying-to

with Engines Stopped.-Running Slow before the Sea.-Rolling of a Ship

in Waves. Relation between the Period of the Ship and That of the Sea.-

Importance of Breaking up Synchronism between Periods of the Ship and

the Waves.-Bringing a Steamer up Head to Sea and Holding Her There.

-Sea-Anchors.-Anchors for Large Ships.-Riding Out a Gale at Anchor.

§ II. THE USE OF OIL. Advantages of Oil.-Method of Using under Dif-

ferent Conditions. § III. OPINIONS OF SHIPMASTERS UPON LYING-TO IN

MODERN STEAMERS
...page 379

CHAPTER XIX.

THE HANDLING OF TORPEDO VESSELS.

Types of Vessels.-Effect of Type upon Handling.-Flat Stern of "De-

catur" Type.-Screw-action.-Approaching Dock.-Effect of "Slow" Sig-

nal on Different Types.-Warping around Docks.-Turning Circles of

Different Types.-Difficulty in Steering Course with Flat-stern Type.-

Behavior at Sea.-Danger of Lee-shore.-Lying-to.-Dangers of Loading.—

Towing.-Close-order Steaming in Flotilla.-Wedge-formation.-Speaking

Large Vessels.-Peculiarities of Navigation. § II. SUBMARINES. Descrip-

tion.-Air-supply.-Periscopes.-Handling under Various Conditions.-

Towing. To Run Submerged.-To Run Awash.-To Dive.-Accidents;

Causes and Prevention.-Gasoline Explosions.-Water Entering Boat.-

Hydrogen Explosions.-Escape from Sunken Boat.... ...page 392

CHAPTER XX.

KEEPING STATIONS AND MANOEUVRING IN SQUADRON.

Difficulty in Keeping Station.-Use of Instruments.-Importance of

Uniform Speed.-To Regain Position.-In a Fog.-Danger of Collision

with Vessel outside of Fleet.-Breakdown.-Man Overboard.-Steaming in
Line. Steaming in Echelon.-To Change Course.-Rules for Turning.—
Turning Inside.-Turning Outside.-Turning More than Eight Points.-
Turning Simultaneously.-Anchoring.-Getting Underway.-Duties of
Officers of Deck.

.page 420

CHAPTER XXI.

TOWING.

§ I. THE TOWLINE. Should be Long and Heavy.-Chain-cable.—Wire-

rope.—Manila and Coir.-Advantage of Keeping Ships "In Step.”—Se-

curing the Line on the Towing Vessel.-Securing the Line on the Tow.

§ II. TOWING IN SMOOTH WATER. Tow-rope Resistances.-Starting a Tow.

§ III. TAKING a Disabled VesSEL IN TOW AT SEA. Importance of Con-

sidering the Drift of the Vessels.-Most Favorable Positions for Running

Lines.-Use of a Boat.-Use of a Float.-Code of Signals.-Rocket Gun.—

Running Lines.-Casting Off. §IV. TOWING ENGINES. TOWING ALONG-

SIDE. Advantages of Towing Engines.-Use of Wire-rope with Towing