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VOL. II.

No. VII. LOWER EGYPT, ANCIENT and MODERN; shewing

the changes in the courses of the branches of
the Nile, and the difference between the an-
cient and the modern Deltas. Also the lines
of the canals that joined the Nile to the Red
sea; the vestiges of the canal near Suez; and
two sketches, explanatory of the bars of rivers.
This map is explanatory of the XVII, XVIII,
and XIXth Sections

VIII. Map to explain the POSITION of MEMPHIS, and
the change of place of the head of the Delta
of the Nile explanatory of the latter part of
Section XVIII. .

IX. The coast and country of LIBYA, from Egypt to

Carthage; the country of Egypt generally;
the OASES of Egypt and Libya; and the
middle and eastern basons of the Mediter-
ranean sea. This contains also a MAP of
POSITIONS, shewing the data for the posi-
tion of JUPITER AMMON, &c. and the whole
is explanatory of XX, XXI, XXII, and
XXIIId Sections

PAGE

55

115

183

X. Map to explain the CIRCUMNAVIGATION of AFRICA, by the EGYPTIANS, under Pharaoh Necho; shewing also the streams of current in the Atlantic, and the general courses of the trade winds. Explanatory of the XXIV and XXVth Sections

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XI. Map to explain the VOYAGE of HANNO, the Car

thaginian, from Carthage to the Western
Guinea with an extension of the coast of
Africa to Benin, and the Island of Fernando
Po. Also PTOLEMY's geography of WESTERN
AFRICA. This is explanatory of Section
XXVI; and also of a part of Section XVI,
on Africa

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PAGE

348

409

THE

GEOGRAPHY OF HERODOTUS

EXAMINED, &c.

SECTION XVI.

OF AFRICA AT LARGE, ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS.

Herodotus knew a greater extent of Space in AFRICA than in the other Continents; but only the North-east part of it, in detail -In doubt how to class Egypt-Had no idea that Africa extended so far to the West and South as it really does-Lower Egypt and the Promontory of Soloeis, taken by him for the Eastern and Western Extremities of Africa-Conjectures respecting this Promontory, which was the Limit of the ancient Navigations-Various Notices, shewing that the Ancients were not absolutely agreed respecting its position; but that the Soloeis of Herodotus was Cape Cantin-M. Bougainville mistaken in respect of it-Herodotus, as well as Ptolemy and the Arabian geographers, supposed the coast of Africa to trend to the South from this Cape-Our Author knew the general distribution of North Africa, as far as the Sahara and the River Niger-The Geography of Egypt already illustrated by M. D'Anville-Inhabitants of Africa divided by Herodotus into two races: the Libyans and Ethiopians-common Boundary of their Possessions-Cape Verd, the Arsinarium Promontory of Ptolemy, denominated from the Assanhagi, or Sanhagæ Tribe -The Abyssinians, the Macrobian Ethiopians of HerodotusEthiopia, with him, included all the remote part of Africa—

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The Niger explored by the Nasamones, and taken by Herodotus, erroneously, for the remote part of the Nile; as having an easterly course- -The Sources of the Nile placed in too remote a situation by Herodotus, and the Ancients in general—The most distant sources of this River still unknown—not in Abyssinia, but more to the south-west-Proofs adduced from Maillet, and from Bruce himself-Report of Ledyard—The Nile doubtless formed of two distinct Branches, the one from Abyssinia, the other from the South of Darfoor-Reports of Ptolemy, Edrisi, and Abulfeda-Error of the two latter, in deriving the Niger from the Nile-Extent of the African Continent, southward, according to the ideas of Herodotus, who knew that it was surrounded by the Ocean.

THE THIRD and LAST division of our subject is AFRICA, or LIBYA. Concerning this continent, it may be said, that our Author was aware that it contained a greater extent of space than either of the others; although his knowledge of it, in detail, was more confined. Here it may be remarked, that if his native city, Halicarnassus, be taken for a centre, it will be found, that a radius of 1000 British miles will circumscribe the whole extent of his geographical knowledge in detail. It may also be remarked, that the circle so described, passes through, or near to, the several points of Babylon, Syene, Carthage, Corsica, the upper part of the Danube, the forks of the Borysthenes, and the mouth of the Tanais. that it included Greece, Italy, Thrace, Scythia, Colchis, Asia Minor, Assyria, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, and the country of the Garamantes. It will be found, almost invariably, that beyond this range our Author grows more and more obscure and uncertain, as we advance in any line of direction whatsoever :

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