TABLE OF CONTENTS.

THE DOLLAR AND OTHER UNITS.

Monetary units of all countries (Tables 4, 5 and 6),

In many cases only ideal coins,

The pound sterling and the dollar as,

The dollar-origin of the dollar symbol,

Origin of the name,

American- of the Confederation,

American of the United States,

Reduction in value of United States dollars in 1837,

Abolition of the American silver dollar,

The London Stock Exchange dollar,

- 259-264

15

17-19

13

22

19, 170

17, 171

21-175

The "dollar" in Frankfort and Paris,

Ideal moneys,

Of international exchange,

Of the medieval banks,

Change from a silver to a gold currency in the United States

in 1837,

Similar changes in France in 1785 and Austria in 1857,

Table of the amounts of each in use each year from 1854

to 1876,

Period of greatest contraction,

Amount of coin in the United States, 1854 to 1876,

The United States banks,

Estimated number of each class of banks in the United

States in 1875, and the aggregate of their deposits, -

5

180

25

26

49

19

38

21

21

27

34, 35

32

35

55

36

Table of amounts in Great Britain at various periods,

France at various periods,

43

44

Banks of Venice, Barcelona, Genoa, Amsterdam, etc.,

38

Of the Bank of France in 1848 and 1870, -

Remarkably slight depreciation of the notes of the Bank

of France (see note to page 557),

Austria,

Italy,

Russia,

54

55

55

56

57

57

58

59

60

48, 61

Brazil,

Various effects of on value of currency,

Inconvertible paper money-three causes affecting its value,
Its increase in value by reason of scarcity of any other

Estimated stock of gold and silver in Great Britain,

France,

Germany,

The method adopted by the author of this book for approxi-
mating the amount of gold and silver in each country,

Table of approximate amount of coin in each country in

Europe,

All estimates in regard to Asia entirely conjectural,

Lavish use of both gold and silver in Asia for personal
ornaments (foot notes), -

The stock of gold and silver in Asia not a source of supply

for Europe or America,

Probable stock of gold and silver coin in the world,

AVERAGE RATIO OF NATIONAL REVENUE TO VOLUME
OF MONEY IN USE IN ALL COUNTRIES.

The ratio of national revenue to the total volume of money

in all countries,

Table showing the uniformity in the proportions of money

and national revenue per capita of the population in

all countries,

The average amount of annual national revenue about 38 to
40 per cent of the total volume of money in use,

Striking illustration of the above rule in the proportions of

annual revenue to the volume of money in use in the

United States each year from 1866 to 1876 (note to

page 243),

83

34, 35

95

Diagram showing the approximate volume of paper money

in the world each year from 1845 to 1875, and the
relative decrease in the amount of gold and silver, - 128, 129

THE ERA OF GOLD.

The average annual product of gold prior to about 1825 was

thirteen millions to fifteen millions dollars,,

Increased to about forty-three millions dollars per annum

between 1825 and 1848,

The great increase from the placers of California and Aus-

tralia mark the beginning of the era of gold,

98

98

99

Table of the product in the various quarters of the globe,

Product of gold and silver in the United States,

Annual consumption of gold in the arts-Table of,

101

102

114

Jacob's estimate in 1830,

-

McCulloch's estimate in 1857,

Author's estimate of total annual production, consumption

and addition to stock in the world from 1840 to 1875,

Diagram showing estimated production and consumption of

gold and silver,

Production, consumption and exports of silver for the United

States,

Annual movement of silver to Asia,

108

109

110

- 114, 115

112

96-111

The end of the golden era about 1862,

145

Cause of the decline of silver with the decline of gold after

1849,

133

Relative values of gold and silver, in accordance with the

experience of two hundred years,

139

Tables of relative values of gold and silver,

Diagram showing the course of relative values from 1840 to

141, 142

1876,

151, 152

Table of the relative legal values of gold and silver in

various countries,

Relative values of gold and silver in the United States by

The Latin Monetary Union,

Demonetization of silver in Great Britain in 1816,
Effects in 1872-3 of the British law of 1816,

144

140, 171

Report of the British Parliamentary Commission of 1876 on

the depreciation of silver,

135

THE ERA OF DEBT.

Growth of national debts in the last twenty-five years,

Railroad debts of the United States and of the world,

115

117

The difference between the burden of war debts and the

debts of enterprise, -

Narrow views of financiers and statesmen on the question

of great debts,

- 133, 134

148

148

PRICES OF COMMODITIES IN GOLD.

Table of the rise in average prices from 1849 to 1854. The

latter compared with 1875,

Cause of the great rise of prices from 1862 to 1867,

Causes of the reaction in 1872-3,

130, 131

131

134