PRIN.-The Parts of a Compound Word are the BASIS

and the ADJUNCT.

DEF. 56.-The Basis of a Compound Word, is the Principal Element in the word.

EXAMPLES.-Race-horse horse-race

sergeant-at-arms-aid-de-camp.

hour-glass — father-in-law ·

DEF. 57.—The Adjunct of a Compound Word is the Part that limits or modifies the Basis.

OBS.-The Adjunct of a Word may be one Word or a Phrase.
EXAMPLES. One Word.-Man-stealer-race-horse-book-maker.

A Phrase.-Father-in-law-aid-de-camp-will-o'-the-wisp. REM.-Derivative and Compound Words have this distinction, viz. : Compound Words consist of two or more complete Words; whereas, Derivative Words consist of one Word with Letters or Particles prefixed or attached. These Particles are called PREFIXES and SUFFIXES.

DEF. 58.-A Prefix is one or more Letters placed before a Radical to form a Derivative Word.

DEF. 59.-A Suffix is one or more letters added to a Word to make it Derivative.

EXAMPLES.-Forming-graded-homely—goodness.

REM.-Words may have more than one Prefix or Suffix. Hence, PRIN.-Prefixes and Suffixes are distinguished as Sim

PRIN.-The Radicals of Derivative Words are

SEPARABLE or INSEPARABLE.

DEF. 60.-A Separable Radical constitutes a perfect Word, without its Prefixes or Suffixes.

DEF. 61.-An Inseparable Radical is not used as a

distinct word in the language without the aid of its

NOTE.-For an extended list of Prefixes and Suffixes, see "Derivation

of Words" in the APPENDIX.

1. Nouns,

2. Pronouns,

NOUNS CLASSIFICATION.

II. THE USES OF WORDS.

PRIN.--By their uses, Words are distinguished as

Principal Elements in Sentences.

73

erfect

9. Words of Euphony,

DEF. 62.-A Noun is a Word used as the Name of a

bing, a place, or a thing.

EXAMPLES.-"The King of Shadows loves a shining mark.”

OBS. 1.-Nouns are names of

1. Material things, as— -Man-book-house-apples.

2. Ideas or things not material, as-Mind-hope-desire-aversion —remorse—joy.

OBS.-Let the Pupil be careful here to distinguish a name from the thing named; and remember that the name is the Noun. Thus, a house is a thing-the name of that thing is a Noun.

9 a

its

CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS.

REMARK.-Some Nouns are appropriated to individual persons or places, or to things personified; others are general in their application, being used to designate classes or sorts. Hence,

PRIN.-Nouns are distinguished as

Proper and Common.

DEF. 63.-A Proper Noun is a name appropriated to an individual persor or place, or to a thing personified.

EXAMPLES.-William-Boston-Hudson-Oregon.

"And old Experience learns too late

That all is vanity below"

DEF. 64.-A Common Noun is a name used to designate one or more of a class or sort of beings or things.

EXAMPLES.-Man-book-conscience-feeling-landscape.

"Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight."

OBS. 1.—A Common Noun is a name by which the individuality of being or thing is designated; but, in addition to this Office, some Nouns are the names of qualities.

DEF. 65.-An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality of a thing, and not of the Substance.

EXAMPLES.-Goodness-meekness-impracticability.

"These all, in sweet confusion, sought the shade."

DEF. 66.-A Collective Noun is a Noun appropriated to many individuals in one term. EXAMPLES.-Committee-assembly-army-tribe-clan-multitude.

"The village master taught his little school."

DEF. 67.-A Verbal Noun is a Noun derived from a Verb; being in form, a Participle-in office, a Substantive.

EXAMPLES.-Beginning-gatherings-spelling-joining.

"In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth."

OBS. 1.-The Classification of Nouns as Common and Proper, is one rather of curiosity than of practical utility in the Science of Language. OBS. 2.-A Word is known to be a Noun,

1st. By its being a Name.

2d. By its performing a Substantive office.

OBS. 3. A Substantive may be,

1. The Subject of a Sentence.

2. The Object of a Sentence or of a Phrase.

3. A Name or an Equivalent, independent in construction.

But,

OBS. 4.-A Substantive office may be performed by Words, by Phrases, aud by Sentences.

EXAMPLES.

1. By Words, NOUNS.-Paul the Apostle wrote an Epistle to Timothy. PRONOUNS.-Was it you that introduced me to him? 2. By Phrases." Taking a madman's sword, to prevent his doing mischief, can not be regarded as robbing him."

3. By Sentences.-" That all men are created equal, is a self-evident truth."

"But Brutus says, he was ambitious."

'There is no question as to which must yield.”

Hence,

OBS. 5.—A Noun is generally Substantive. But a Word commonly vsed as a Noun may become,

1. An Adjective; as, An iron fence-gold leaf.

2. An Adverb; as, Go home and come back.

3. A Verb; as, "But if you mouth it."

Obs. 6.-A Substantive office is sometimes performed by words comV only used,

1. As Adjectives-"The good alone are great."

"Nor grudge I thee the much the Grecians give,

Nor, murm'ring, take the little I receive."-Dryden.

2. As Adverbs

“Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter.”—Addisor. 3. As Conjunctions

"Your if is the only peace-maker; much virtue is in if."

4. As an Exclamation

"With hark and whoop and wild halloo."-Scott.

MODIFICATION OF NOUNS.

Shakspeare.

REM.-Some Nouns and Pronouns, by their form, by their position in Sentence, or by their obvious uses, indicate

1. The sex-as male or female, or neither.

2. The speaker, the being addressed, or the being or thing spoken of.

3. The number of beings or things-as one or more.

4. The condition, with regard to other Words in the Sentence; as,