APPENDIX. NOTE A. REM-Orthography properly belongs to a separate branc Science of Language. The following Synopsis is given, chiefl sent the Author's views as to the proper method of presen subject. DEF.-Orthography is that branch of the Scie Language which treats of LETTERS-their forms offices, and their combinations in the structure of W OBS. 1.-The English Language has twenty-six Letters, wh distinguished by their forms and uses. OBS. 2.-The various forms of letters are exhibited in the fo table: OBS. 1.-Roman letters are in most common use in the English language. Itatic Letters are used in words of special importance, and sometimes in Sentences. In the Sacred Scriptures, words supplied by the translators to complete the construction of Sentences according to the English idiom, are printed in Italics.. Old English Letters are used for variety or ornament-in title pages, etc. OBS.-The small, or "lower case" Letters, are used in forming most Words, and constitute the appropriate form of letters now used in printed works-with the following EXCEPTIONS, which provide for the use of CAPITAL LETTERS. RULE 1.-A word should begin with a capital letter, when it is the first word of a distinct proposition. RULE 2.-When it is a Proper Name, or a word immediately derived from a Proper Name. EXAMPLE-Boston-William-American-Vermonter. RULE 3.-When it is a name or appellation of the Supreme Being. EXAMPLES.-God-Saviour-Holy Spirit-Lord-Omnipotent. RULE 4.-When it is the first word of a line in poetry. EXAMPLE.-"Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are; RULE 5.-When it is a principal word in a title of a book or office, and sometimes when it is a word of special importance, or used technically. EXAMPLES." Willard's History of the United States." "Burke on the Sublime and Beautiful." · "The Subject of a Verb should not take the place of the Object." RULE 6.-When it commences a direct quotati EXAMPLES.-"The footman, in his usual phrase, Comes up with 'Madam, dinner stays."" "Wo to him that saith unto the wood, Awake RULE 7.-When it constitutes the Pronoun "I' Exclamation "O." EXAMPLES.-"O, I have loved in youth's fair vernal morn, To spread Imagination's wildest wing." RULE 8.-When it is a Common Noun full sonified. EXAMPLES.-"Sure I Fame's trumpet hear."-Cowley. "Here Strife and Faction rule the day." OBS.-Letters are of various sizes, and have their corres appropriate names. The varieties of type in most common use following: 1. Pica.—ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS WXYZ. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 2. Small Pica.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS WXYZ. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 3. Long Primer.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU YZ. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 4. Bourgeois.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 5. Brevier.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdef nopqrstuvwxyz. 6. Minion.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. abcdefg opqrstuvwxyz. 7. Nonpareil.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. abcdefghij rstuvwxyz. 8. Agate.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. abcdefghijklmnopqrst 3. Pearl.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 10. Diamond.-ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. OFFICES OF LETTERS. THE OFFICES OF LETTERS. 309 PRIN.-Letters constitute the Elements of Words, and, like the Elements of Sentences and Phrases, are distinguished as Principal Elements and Adjunct Elements. DEF. 1.-The Principal Elements of a Word are the Letters which indicate the principal sound. They are called VOWELS. EXAMPLES.-a in mate-e in me-oi in toil-ou in sound-ă in hătè in mět―æ in apheresis-o in subpœna. DEF. 2.-The Adjuncts of a Word are the Letters prefixed or added to the Principal Elements to modify their sound. They are called CONSONANTS. EXAMPLES.—m in mate, me—t in mate, time-l in toil, lame-c in cider, cane-h in hat, hate-s in apheresis, sound-v in vile, twelve-p in post, happy. REM. For convenience in articulation, most words are divided into Parts, called Syllables; hence, DEF. 3.-A Syllable is a whole Word, or such part of a Word as is uttered by one impulse of the voice. EXAMPLES.-Man, man-ly, man-li-ness, un-man-ly. DEF. 4.-When a Word has but one Principal Part, it is pronounced by one impulse of the voice, and is then called a Monosyllable. EXAMPLES.-Hand-fall-me-so-strength. DEF. 5.-When a Word has two Principal Parts, it requires two articulations, and is then called a Dissyllable. EXAMPLES.-Handsome-falling-strengthen-holy. DEF. 6.—When a Word has three Principal Parts, it requires three articulations, and is then called a Polysyllable. OBS. 1.-Generally a Word has as many Syllables as it has Principal Parts. OBS. 2.-Two Letters may form one Principal Part of a Word when they are placed together, and combine to form one sound. EXAMPLES.-oi in toil-ou in sound-ai in fair. OBS. 3.-A Letter, ordinarily used as a Vowel, is sometimes added to a Syllable or a Word, to modify the Sound of other Letters, and is then an Adjunct. EXAMPLES.-e in time-y in they-i in claim. OBS. 4.-One Letter is often made to represent the Sound of another EXAMPLES.―e represents a in they-e represents u in her-i represents u in sir. OBS. 5.-In written Language, many Letters are used which are not sounded in spoken Language. Such are called Silent Letters. EXAMPLES.-Hymn, thumb, eight, phthisic. OBS. 6.-One or more of the Letters constituting a Word, are sometimes used as the representative of that word. These are called ABBREVIATIONS. The most common abbreviations are the following: A. C.......Before Christ....from the Latin.. Ante Christum. A. B.......Bachelor of Arts...... A. D. .....In the year of our Lord .Artium Baccalaureus. .Artium Magister. 66 66 .Anno Domini. A. M. In the year of the world. .Anno Mundi. |