EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS. "How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood, .....An Element in the Sentence-Adjunct-PrimaryWord-Adverb-of Degree.-(Repeat RULE 8.) ........An Element in the Sentence-Principal Part-"in Predicate"-Adjective.-(Repeat NoTE III. to RULE 7.) heart"..An Element in the Sentence-Adjunct-Phrase-Adver "How".... "Dear" "To my "Are" "The" "Scenes" "Of my childhood". "When fond Recollection presents them to view" bial-Prepositional-Intransitive.-(Repeat RULE 8.) .An Element in the Sentence-Principal Part-in Predicate-Verb-Indicative Mode-Present Tenseagreeing in Person and Number with ". (Repeat RULE 2.) scenes.' ..An Element in the Sentence-Adjunct--Word--Speci- ..An Element in the Sentence-Principal Part-Subject An Element in the Sentence-Adjunct-Phrase-Adjec tive-Prepositional-Intransitive.—(Repeat RULE 8.) An Element in the Principal Sentence-Adjunct- RULE 8.) REM. 1.-For the Analysis of the Phrases, "To my heart," and "Of my childhood," see p. 185. REM. 2.-The Auxiliary Sentence, "When fond Recollection presents them to view," may now be analyzed by the above formula, as a distinct Sontence. PARTICIPLES. RULE 10.-A Participle has the sam the "part of speech" for which it is used I. PARTICIPLES USED AS NOUNS. NOTE I.-A Participle used as a Noun (1.) The Subject of a Sentence. EXAMPLES-1. "The BEGINNING of strife is as w water." 2. "The PLOWING of the wicked is sin. sword madman's can be regarde to prevent (2.) The Object of a Verb. EXAMPLES--4. "I doubted his having been a soldier." 5. "While you strive to bear BEING LAUG Young 6. "Taking a madman's sword to PREVEN chief, cannot be regarded as robb (3.) The Object of a Preposition. EXAMPLES.-7. "In the BEGINNING." 8. "Poverty turns our thoughts too much PLYING of our wants: Riches, upo superfluities."-Addison. 9. "Taking a madman's sword to prev mischief, cannot be regarded as rol NOTE II.-A Participle used as a Noun, i. e., as the name of an action, retains its Verbal character, and may be followed by an Object when it is the leader of a Participial Phrase. EXAMPLES.-1. "They could not avoid GIVING offense." 2. "Its excesses may be restrained without DESTROYING its existence." 3. RECEIVING goods, known to be stolen, is a criminal offense. 4. We have succeeded in MAKING a BEGINNING. REM.-"Giving offense" is a Substantive Phrase-Object of the Verk "avoid." "Giving" is the Leader of the Phrase: "Offense" is the Subsequent-Object of "giving." In Sentence (4), “Making a beginning” is a Substantive Phrase— Object of the Preposition “in.” Making" is the Leader of the Participial Phrase; "beginning" is the Subsequent-Object of "making." (See also the preceding diagram.) OBS. 1.-A Participle, being the Leader of a Participial Phrase, often has its Subject suppressed. REM.-In Sentence (1), above, "they" is the implied agent of the action expressed by "giving." In Sentences (2) and (3), the agents of "destroying" and of " ceiving" is neither expressed nor implied. In Sentence (4), “we” is the implied Subject of "making.” re NOTE III.—The agent of an action expressed by a Participle, is sometimes expressed, and is generally in the Possessive Form. EXAMPLES.-1. "We have heard of his GOING to the Falls." 2. "I doubted his HAVING BEEN a soldier." 3. "Mr. Burton objected to his son's JOINING the army." NOTE IV. The sign of the Possessive Case of Nouns and Pronouns, used as the Logical Subjects of Participles, should not be omitted. EXAMPLES. Improper Construction.—1. “A fair wind is the cause of a vessel railing.” Graham's Synonyms. 2. He opposed me going to college. Corrected.-1. A fair wind is the cause of a vessel's sailing. 2. He opposed my going to college. OBS. 1.—The Logical Subject of a Participle may be in the Objective Case only as the Object of a Preposition. EXAMPLES.-1. "The PLOWING of the wicked is sin.” 2. By the CROWING of the cock, we knew that morning was nigh." REM-" Cock" 18 the Object of the Preposition "of," and is therefore in the Objective Case. But it is also the Agent of the Action implied in the word "erowing;" and is, therefore, the Logical Subject of the Verbal Noun "crowing." OBS. 2.—Phrases thus used as Adjuncts of Participles, are sometimes equivalent to Possessive Specifying Adjectives, and, therefore, are interchangeable. EXAMPLES.-1. The crowing of the cock.-The cock's crowing. 2. "We listened to the singing of the children." We listened to the children's singing. OBS. 3.-The Definitive, the, should be placed before a Verbal Noun whose Logical Subject is the Object of the Preposition of. EXAMPLE. "The PLOWING of the wicked is sin." OBS. 4.-The Definitive, the, should not be placed before a Verbal Noun whose Logical Subject is in the Possessive Case. EXAMPLE." You object to my PLOWING the garden so early." OBS. 5.—In the Analysis of a Participial Phrase, the Participle indi cates the office of the Phrase, and is to be parsed accordingly. Thus, 1. "Suspecting the treachery of our guide, we made PREPARATIONS for defending ourselves from any hostile attacks." Here “suspecting" and "defending" are Participles, each used to introduce a Participial Phrase; but NOTE V.-A Participle used as an Adjective belongs to a Noun or a Pronoun which it describes; and may be modified by Adverbs. EXAMPLES. -1. REM. 1. Whose visages Do cream and mantle like a STANDING pond." 3. "We saw IT plunging 'mid the billowy strife, Scaling yonder peak" is a Phrase-Adjunct of "I"; hence, Adjective. 'Wheeling near its brow" is a Participial Phrase-Adjunct of "eagle"; hence, Adjective. "Near its brow" is a Prepositional Phrase -- Adjunct ef" wheeling"; hence, Adverbial. In Sentence (3), "Mid the billowy strife" is an Adjunct of "plunging." Madly," and "on," and "to fearful doom' are Adjuncts of dashing"; hence, are Adverbs. |