OBS.-In Regular Verbs, the sign of this Tense is d or ed added to the root of the Verb.

In Irregular Verbs, a distinct form is used. [See List.]

DEF. 116. The Prior Present Tense denotes time past, but in a period reaching to the present.

EXAMPLES.--I have completed my task.-John has returned.

Mary has been prospered.—Thou hast destroyed thyself.

OBS. 3.-Have, hast, and has, are the signs of this Tense.
DEF. 117.-The Present Tense denotes time present.
EXAMPLES.-Eliza studies.-Ellen is reading.

Do you hear the bell?-Emily may write that Diagram. OBS. 1.-This is the simplest form of the Verb;-the sign do is used to denote intensity, and in asking questions.

OBS. 2.-Present Tense may be

1. Definite-as, I am writing-William studies.

2. Indefinite-as, Virtue is commendable.

DEF. 118.—The Prior Future Tense denotes time past, as compared with some future time specified.

EXAMPLE.—We shall have finished this recitation before the next class will come.

OBS.-Shall have and will have are the signs of this Tense.

DEF. 119. The Future Tense denotes future time, as compared with the present.

EXAMPLE.-James will return to-morrow-I shall see him.

OBS.-Shall, in the First Person, and will, in the Second and Third, are the signs of this Tense.

REM.-Distinctions of time are not indicated with precision by the form of the Verb. This must be done by the use of Adjuncts.

In the Potensial Mode, the Tenses are quite Indefinite-one form being often used for another.

The same remarks will apply to Participles-to the Infinitive, the Subjunctive, and sometimes the Indicative.

Let each Verb and Participle in the following Exercises be

pointed out, and its Class and Modification given.

13. It is pleasant to ride in a sail-boat.

14. We are all fond of singing.

15. Some are accustomed to sing by rote.

16. The young ladies ought to have attended the lecture.

17 By teaching others we improve ourselves.

18. Being accustomed to study, we can learn that lesson easily.

19. Having been censured for idleness, John has resolved to be

diligent.

20. By endeavoring to please all, we fail to please any.

That shade sublime yon mountain's nodding brow 31. With what religious awe the solemn scene

32.

Commands your steps.

As if the reverend form

Of Minos or of Numa should forsake

The Elysian seats, and down the embowering gado
Move to your pausing eye."

33. "In the pleased infant see its power expand,

When first the coral fills his little hand;

34. Throned in his mother's lap, it dries each tear,
As her sweet legend falls upon his ear;
35. Next it assails him in his top's strange hum,
Breathes in his whistle, echoes in his drum;
Each gilded toy that doting love bestows,
He longs to break, and every spring expose."
"Could I forget

36.

87.

That has been wretched; but to think how much
I have been happier."

39. "Truth crushed to earth will rise again,

40. The eternal years of God are hers:

41. But Error, wounded, writhes in pain And dies amid her worshipers."

MODEL.

Crushed....is [a Participle, from the Verb crush ;] used here to describe a condition of "Truth;" hence, a Verbal Adjective. ..asserts an act of "Truth;" hence, a Verb.

Will rise...

Áre.

Are

66

66

has no object; hence, Intransitive.

simply declares; hence, Indicative Mode. denotes time future; hence, Future Tense. .asserts being of "years;" hence, a Verb. ..has no object; hence, Intransitive.

simply declares; hence, Indicative Mode.

denotes time present; hence, Present Tense.

Wounded...is [a Participle, from the Verb wound;] used here to describe a condition of "Error;" hence, a Verbal Adjective.

Writhes.....asserts an act of "Error;" hence, a Verb.

"The surging billows and the gamboling storms
Come crouching to his feet."

Surging.....is [a Participle, from the Verb surge.]

66

used here to describe "billows;" hence, a Verbal Adjective. Gamboling..is [a Participle, from the Verb gambol.]

Come..

66

used here to describe "storms;" hence, a Verbal Adjective. .asserts an act of "billows" and "storms;" hence, a Verb. has no object; hence, Intransitive.

simply declares; hence, Indicative Mode.

denotes time present; hence, Present Time. Crouching...is [a Participle, from the Verb crouch.]

used here to modify the act expressed by "come;"
(it declares the manner of coming;) hence, an Adverb.

"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth."

Beginning...is [a Participle, from the Verb begin.]

66

used here as the name of an event; hence, a Verbal Noun

Created..... asserts an act of "God;" hence, a Verb.

act passes to objects (heaven and earth).

simply declares; hence, Indicative Mode.
denotes a particular time past; hence, Past Tense.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS

REMARK 1.-We have seen that most verbs are varied in form to de note different modes and times of action or being.

They are also varied to correspond with their subjects in Person and Number

The regular arrangement of the various forms of a Verb is called its Conjugation.

REM. 2.-Verbs are varied by inflection of their Radicals, or by the use of different Radicals. Hence,

PRIN.-Verbs are distinguished as

Regular and Irregular.

REGULAR VERBS.

DEF. 120.-A Regular Verb is a Verb whose Past Tense is formed by the addition of d or ed to the Radical.

EXAMPLES.-Present Tense.-I love, act,

save, fear.

Past Tense.-I loved, acted, saved, feared.

OBS. 1.-Some Verbs, for euphony, drop the final letter of the Radical.

EXAMPLES.-Love, loved-Save, saved-Recite, recited.

OBS. 2.-Some Verbs, for euphony, double a final letter of the Radical.

EXAMPLES.-Tan, tanned-Transmit, transmitted.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

DEF. 121.-An Irregular Verb is a Verb whose Past Tense is not made by the addition of d or ed to the Radical. EXAMPLES.-Present Tense.-I am, see, do, hide, lay,

Past Tense. I was, saw, did, hid, laid.

REM. Some Irregular Verbs are not used in all the Modes and Terses Hence,