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ADJECTIVE PHRASES AND SENT

REM. Things may be described not only by Phrases and by Sentences.

EXAMPLES.

Adjective Phrases.-1. "The TIME of my departur 2. "Night is the TIME for res 3. "Turn, gentle HERMIT of t

Adjective Sentences.-1. "HE that getteth wisdom 1

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2. Mount the HORSE which I 3. "THOU, whose spell can rai Bid the prophet's form

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

97.-What is an Adjective?.

Why are Adjectives used?.

For what various purposes are Adjectives used.
How are Adjectives distinguished?.

What is a Qualifying Adjective? 98.-What is a Specifying Adjective?... What is a ner Adjective?

What is an Interrogative Adjective?

How are Specifying Adjectives distinguished? ..
What is a Pure Specifying Adjective?
What is a Possessive Specifying Adjective?

99.-How are Possessive Adjectives formed?.
What is a Numeral Adjective?

What is a Verbal Adjective?..

100.-How are Verbal Adjectives distinguished?. 101.--How are Adjectives modified?.....

How many Degrees of Comparison may some A jectives have?....

When is an Adjective of the Diminutive form!.

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102. What is said of Comparison descending?..

When do we prefix a Word to denote compariso
What Adjectives are compared irregularly?

103.-Are all Adjectives compared?..

VERBS.

REM.-As all things in the universe live, move, or have a being, we necessarily have a class of Words used to express the act, being, or state of those things. Hence,

DEF. 97.-A Verb is a Word used to express the act, "eing, or state of a person or thing.

CLASSIFICATION.

REM. The act expressed by some Verbs passes over to an Object. Hence,

PRIN.-Verbs are distinguished as

Transitive or Intransitive.

DEF. 98.-A Transitive Verb is a Verb that expresses an action which terminates on an Object.

EXAMPLES. John saws wood-God created heaven and earth.

DEF. 99.-An Intransitive Verbs a Verb that expresses the being or state of Subject, or an action which does not terminate on an Object.

EXAMPLES.-Animals run-I sit--John is sleepy.

OBS. 1.-Some Verbs are used transitively or intransitively.

EXAMPLES." Cold blows the wind."

"The wind blows the dust."

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DEF. 100.-The Verbs be, become, and other Intransitive Verbs, whose subjects are not represented as performing a physical act, are called Neuter Verbs.

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EXAMPLES.-He is-God exists-we become wise-th

LIST.

OBS.-The Verbs commonly called Neuter are- -appe -belong-exist-lie-rest-seem-sleep.

MODIFICATION OF VERBS.

REM.-Verbs that denote action have two methods the action.

Hence,

1st-As done by its Subject-as, Jane loves Luc 2d-As done to its Subject-as, Lucy is loved by

PRIN.-Transitive Verbs have two VoicesActive and Passive.

DEF. 101.-The Active Voice represents th performing an action.

EXAMPLE.-Columbus discovered America.

DEF. 102.-The Passive Voice represents th being acted upon.

EXAMPLE.-America was discovered by Columbus. OBS. 1.-The same fact may commonly be expressed Active or the Passive form.

EXAMPLES.-William assists Charles.

Charles is assisted by William.}

The same

"William," the Subject of the Active Verb, becomes "by," when the Verb becomes Passive; and "Charles," the Active Verb, becomes the Subject of the Passive.

ODS. 2.-In the English language, the formation of the is less simple than in many other languages. Thus, the assertions,

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IN LATIN-Doceo, in the Active Voice, has Doceor IN ENGLISH-I teach, I am taugh Hence, the English Verb does not form its Passive Voice tion of the form of the Active," but by combining the various modifications, with a Participle of the given Verb

Active. To see,

Passive.-To be seen,

I love,

EXAMPLES.

They applaud,

Man worships

I am loved, They are applauded, God is wor

shipped.

OBS. 3.—Most Transitive Verbs may take the Passive form.

OBS. 4.-A Verb taking the Passive form becomes grammatically intransitive. The action is directed to no object. The Subject receives the action.

OBS. 5.-But few Intransitive Verbs take the Passive form.

EXAMPLES.

We laughed at his clownish performances.—(Active Intrans.)
His clownish performance was laughed at.—(Passive.)

MODE.

REM.-In addition to their primary signification, Verbs perform a secondary office—i. e., they indicate some attendant or qualifying cireumstances. This is indicated by the variations of the form of the Verb, or by prefixing Auxiliary Words.

1. A Verb may simply express a fact.

2. It may express a fact as possible, probable, obligatory, &c.

3. It may express a fact conditionally.

4. It may express a command or request.

5. It may express the name of an act, or a fact unlimited by a subject. Hence,

PRIN.-Verbs have five modes of expressing their signification—

Indicative,

Potential,

Subjunctive,

Imperative, and

Infinitive.

DEF. 103.-A Verb used simply to indicate or assert a

fact or to ask a question, is in the

Indicative Mode.

EXAMPLES.-"God created the heaven and the earth."

"Is he not honest?" "Whence come wars?"

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DEF. 104.-A Verb indicating probabil or obligation, of its subject, is in the Potential Mode.

OBS.-Words which may be regarded as signs of t are, may-might-can-could-must-shall-shouldalone, or followed by the Word have.

EXAMPLES.-I may go-you might have gone-John s can learn-It could not be done-John shall study.

DEF. 105.-A Verb expressing a fact (hypothetically) is in the

Subjunctive Mode.

EXAMPLES. "If he repent, forgive him."

OBS.-If, though, unless, and other Conjunctions, ar with the Subjunctive Mode. But they are not to be signs of this Mode, for they are also used with the In Potential.

EXAMPLES.-If the boat goes to-day, I shall go in it.
I would stay if I could conveniently.

The condition expressed by "if the boat goes," is ass hence, "goes" is in the Indicative Mode.

NOTE.-The Subjunctive Mode is limited to Auxili Sentences.

DEF. 106.-A Verb used to command

in the

Imperative Mode.

EXAMPLES.-1. "If he repent, forgive him."

2. "Come to the bridal chamber, Death!

OBS.-As we can command only a person or thing subject of an Imperative Verb must be of the Second Pe person addressed is supposed to be present to the speak the subject is usually understood.

EXAMPLES.-Cry aloud-Spare not.

But it is often expressed...

"Go ye into all tac world."

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