then applying a ball of loam, kept moist by water and moss, till roots are thrown out from the callosity formed at the ring, when the small branch is cut off, and planted in a porcelain pot, 'either,' says Mr. Main, 'round, or, most commonly, of an elongated square, twelve or fourteen inches long, eight inches wide, and about five inches in depth. Along with the tree they place pieces of stone, to represent rocks, among which moss and lichens are introduced. The tree, thus planted, is not allowed to rise higher than about a foot or fifteen inches; no greater supply of water is given than just sufficient to keep it alive; and, as the pot soon acts as a prison, its growth is necessarily impeded; at the same time every means are used to check its enlargement. The points of the shoots, and the half of every new leaf, are constantly and carefully cut off; the stem and branches, which are allowed to extend only a certain length, are bound and fantastically distorted, by means of wire; the bark is lacerated to produce protuberances, asperities and cracks; one branch is partly broken through, and allowed to hang down, as if by accident; another is mutilated to represent a dead stump; in short, every exertion of the plant is checked by some studied violence or other This treatment produces, in course of time, a perfect forest tree in miniature. Stunted and deformed, by the above means, it certainly becomes a curious object, bearing all the marks of extreme old age. Its writhed and knotty stem, weather-stained and scabrous bark; its distorted and partly dead branches, its diminutive shoots and leaves; all give it the aspect of antiquity.' The French name, Thé de l'Abbé Gallois, was so called from M. Gallois, who, under the reign of Louis XV., imported this variety into France, supposing it to be the real Chinese tea-tree. Grafted standard high on the common English elm, the Ulmus c. chinensis would form a very handsome small tree.

16. U. c. NANA, Loudon. Dwarf Field Elm, a very distinct variety, growing in the London Horticultural Society's garden, which, in ten or twelve years, attained only a height of about two feet. When taken up to be removed, it was found to have a root running along the surface of the ground seven or eight feet in length.

17. U. C. CUCULLATA, Loudon. Hooded-leaved Field Elm, a tree with curious leaves, curved something like a hood.

18. U. C CONCAVEFOLIA, Loudon.

bling the preceding kind.

Concave-leaved Field Elm, somewhat resem

19. U. C. FOLIIS AUREIS, Loudon. Golden Variegated-leaved Field Elm, having leaves variegated with yellow.

20. U. c. SUberosa. Cork-barked Elm; Ulmus suberosa, of Willdenow, Lindley, Loudon, and others; Orme fongeux, Orme-liège, of the French; a very marked kind of elm, but evidently a variety of the Ulmus campestris. It varies exceedingly in the character of its bark; being sometimes deeply furrowed, and at other times much less so. It also varies much in the character of its head, being sometimes low, loose, and spreading, and at others tall and narrow. The bark, when a year old, is covered with very fine, dense cork; hence the name suberosa. The leaves are rough on both sides, are more rounded, and twice or three times as large as in the common English elm. They are very unequal at the base, strongly, sharply and doubly serrated, hairy beneath, with dense, broad tufts at the origin of the transverse ribs. The flowers are much earlier than the foliage, stalked, reddish, with four or five rounded segments, and as many stamens, with dull-purple anthers. The samaræ are nearly orbicular, with deep sinuses reaching to the place of the seed. It is propagated by suckers, and layers, or by grafting on the Ulmus c. montana. The tree is of large and rapid growth, and is highly valued on account of its thriving well upon chalkv soils, and in keeping in leaf till late in autumn.

21. U. C. SUBEROSA FOLIIS VARIEGATIS, Loudon. Variegated-leaved Cork-barkea Field Elm; a tree precisely like the preceding, except in its variegation.

22. U. c. SUBEROSA ALBA, Loudon. White Corked-bark Field Elm; a low tree, of more compact growth than the two preceding; and often growing into an oval, or rather cone-shaped head. The young shoots are pubescent; the foliage thickly set, and the bark much wrinkled, becoming white with age.

23. U. C. SUBEROSA ERECTA, Loudon. Erect Cork-barked Field Elm; a tree with a tall, narrow head, resembling that of the Cornish elm; but differing from that variety in having much broader leaves, and a corky bark.

24. U. C. MAJOR. Greater Field Elm; Ulmus major, of Smith, Lindley, Loudon and others; Great Dutch Corked-barked Elm, of the British and AngloAmericans. The branches of this variety spread widely, in a drooping manner, and their bark is rugged, and much more corky than even that of the Ulmus c. suberosa. The leaves, which are on short, thick stalks, are larger and more bluntly serrated than those of that variety; they are rough on both sides, especially beneath; but the hairy tufts at the origins of the transverse ribs are very small. The segments of the calyx are short and rounded; the stamens four in number; and the samaræ obovate, with very small rounded sinuses, not reaching half so far as the seeds. This appears to be the elm which was carried into Britain, from Holland, by William III. From its quick growth, it was, at first, much used for hedges, and formal rows of clipped trees; but when the Dutch taste in gardening declined in England, the tree was no longer cultivated, as its wood was found to be very inferior to that of most other kinds of elm. This variety may be propagated in the same manner as the Ulmus c. suberosa.

25. U. c. EFFUSA. Spreading-branched Field Elm; Ulmus effusa, of Willdenow, Loudon and others; Orme pédonculé, of the French. The colour of the young wood, the buds, and the size, colour, and serrature of the leaves of this variety, are remarkably like those of the "Huntingdon Elm" (Ulmus c. montana glabra vegeta.) Its leaves are large, and of a beautiful light, shining green. The trunk more nearly resembles that of the Ulmus c. montana than that of the common elm; its head is more spreading, and its bark, instead of being furrowed, is smooth. The buds are long, sharply pointed, and greenish, while, in the common elm, they are short, obtuse, and covered with grayish hairs. The tree is usually more rapid in its growth, and comes fifteen or twenty days earlier into leaf. It is a native of Europe, chiefly in the south of France, and in the Caucasus; flowers in April and May, and is propagated in British nurseries by grafting on the Ulmus c. montana. According to Pallas, the wood is very hard and durable, and is used in Russia for all the purposes for which the common elm is employed in other parts of Europe. It is said that this variety is very common by the road-side, between Villars-Cotterets and Paris, in France; and also between that city and Cressy.

26. U. C. MONTANA. Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus montana, of Smith, Lindley, Loudon, and others; Scotch Elm, Wych Elm, Wych Hazel, of the British. The trunk of this variety is not so upright as that of the English elm; and soon divides into long, widely-extended, and somewhat drooping branches, forming a large, spreading summit. Its wood is of quicker growth than that of the Ulmus campestris, and consequently, is far inferior in hardness and compactness, and is more liable to split. The branches, in some individuals, are quite pendulous, like those of the weeping willow, the bark of which is even and downy, when young. The leaves, which are quite large, are broadly elliptical, having a long, copiously serrated point; rough on the upper surface, with minute callous, bristly tubercles, but less harsh than those of many other varieties, and pale and downy beneath, with straight, parallel, transverse ribs, that are copiously hairy at their origins and subdivisions. From their resemblance to those of the hazel, Gerard

tells us that, in Hampshire, "it is commonly called the witch hazell." The flowers are paler, rather larger, and occur in looser tufts, than those of most other varieties. They have each from five to seven oblong-acute segments, and as many broad, and rather heart-shaped, dark anthers. The samaræ are broadly obovate or elliptical, and almost orbicular, with shallow notches at the ends, not extending half way to the seeds. This variety, although the most common elm in Scotland and Ireland, and grows spontaneously in numerous places in England and other temperate parts of northern Europe, appears to be almost unknown in France and Germany, as it is not mentioned by any of the dendrological writers of the two last-named countries. It is only within the present century, however, that this tree has been much planted in England, though in Scotland and Ireland its timber has long been considered as next in value to that of the oak; and it has, accordingly, been extensively introduced into artificial plantations. Its wood weighs less than that of the Ulmus campestris, and is of a coarser grain. Nevertheless, it is used by the ship-builder, the boat-builder, the pump and block-maker, the cartwright, the cabinet-maker, and the coach-maker. The timber, according to Matthews, has great longitudinal toughness; but, from the great quantity of sap-wood, and want of lateral adhesion, it splits considerably when dry. The summit of this variety, which has a peculiar fan-like spread of branches, often tends, probably from the effects of the prevailing winds, to one side, which is most perceptible in young trees. Hence, when fully grown, the stem is generally slightly bent, which renders it very appropriate for the floor-timbers of vessels, being the only part of a ship, except the bottom planks, to which it is applicable, as it soon decays above water. "The tree," continues Matthews, "when it comes to some size, and the primary branches being lopped off, like the common elm, and the oak, often throws out a brush of twigs from the stem; and these twigs impeding the transit of the sap, the brush increases, and the stem thickens considerably, in consequence of a wart-like deposit of wood forming at the base of the twigs. This excrescence, when of size, after being seasoned in some cool, moist place, such as the north re-entering angle of a building exposed to the dripping from the roof, forms a richer veneer for cabinet-work than any other timber." But, even without this process, the wood has often a curious laced appearance, which renders it fit for dressing cases and other fancy works. The wood of this tree is said to be suitable for the naves, poles, and shafts of gigs and other carriages; and from its not splintering, as is the case with the oak and ash, in time of battle, it is used for the swingle-trees of the carriages of cannon. It is also employed for the rollers of printers and dyers; for making wheel-barrows; and for the handles of spades, forks, and other implements of husbandry. And, according to Gerard it was applied to various uses in ancient times. It was not only made into bows, but its bark, which is so tough that it will strip or peel off from the wood from one end of a bough to the other, without breaking, was made into ropes. Gilpin, in speaking of this tree, says, that it " is, perhaps, generally more picturesque than the common sort, as it hangs more negligently, though, at the same time with this negligence, it loses, in a good degree, that happy surface for catching masses of light, which we admire in the common elm. We observe, also, when we see this tree in company with the common elm, that its bark is of a somewhat lighter hue." On this passage, Sir Thomas Dick Lauder observes, "We are disposed to think that Mr. Gilpin hardly does justice to this elm. For our own parts, we consider the wych, or Scottish elm, as one of the most beautiful trees in our British sylva. The trunk is so bold and picturesque in form, covered, as it frequently is, with huge excrescences; the limbs and branches are so free and graceful in their growth; and the foliage is so rich, without being leafy or clumpy, as a whole; and the head is generally so finely massed, and yet so

well broken, as to render it one of the noblest of park trees; and, when it grows wildly amid the rocky scenery of its native Scotland, there is no tree, which assumes so great or so pleasing a variety of character."* "The Scotch elm," Sang observes, "accommodates itself, both in a natural state and when planted, to many different soils and situations. The soil, in which it most luxuriates, is a deep, rich loam; but that in which it becomes most valuable, is a sandy loam, lying on rubble stone, or on dry rock. It is frequently found flourishing by the sides of rivers or streams, which sometimes wash part of its roots; yet it will not endure stagnant moisture." "In a mixture of loam and clay schistus, incumbent on whinstone rock, as at Alva," continues he, "it arrives at a large size within a century." The most ready mode of propagating this tree is from seeds, which are produced in great abundance, and are ripe in Britain about the middle of June. They should be gathered by hand before they drop, as from their lightness and winged appendages, they are very apt to be blown away by the wind. They may either be sown as soon as gathered, in which case, many plants will come up the same season; or they may be thinly spread out to dry in the shade, and afterwards put up into bags or boxes, and kept in a cool, dry place, till the March or April following. Sang directs the seeds to be chosen from the tallest, most erect, and healthy trees; on the sound principle, that plants, like animals, convey to their progeny their general appearance, whether good or bad. Trees, therefore, though having an abundance of seeds, if they be either visibly diseased, or ill-formed, should be passed over by the collector. When sown, the seeds of this tree, and those of all its sub-varieties, ought to be deposited in light or friable rich soil, and very thinly covered, in order that the plants, that rise from them, may be strong and vigorous. The best form in which the seeds can be sown is in beds; and the covering of soil should not exceed half of an inch in depth. The plants may be removed into nursery lines, at the age of one or two years; or they may be grafted in the following spring. If not intended to be grafted, they may go through a regular course of nursery culture, till they have acquired the desired height for final transplanting, which should not exceed twenty or twenty-five feet. This variety, like the Ulmus campestris, may also be increased by layers, by cuttings from the roots, and by inoculation.

27. U. C. MONTANA RUGOSA. Crumpled-barked Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. rugosa, of Loudon; a tree of spreading growth, and moderate size, with reddish-brown bark, which cracks into short, regular pieces, similar to that of the Acer campestre.

28. U. C. MONTANA MAJOR. Larger Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. major, of Loudon; a tree of upright, rapid growth, with but few branches; and, in some stages, approaching the habit of the common Scotch elm, but of a more tapering form. Its leaves fall almost a month earlier than those of most of the allied

races.

29. U. C. MONTANA MINOR. Smaller Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. minor, of Loudon. This tree, as compared with the preceding, is of a more branching and spreading habit, and of lower growth, with more twiggy shoots, which are more densely clothed with leaves.

30. U. c. MONTANA CEBENNENSIS. Cevennes Elm; Ulmus m. cebennensis, of Loudon. The habit of this tree is somewhat like that of the Ulmus c. montana; but it appears to be of much less rapid growth.

31. U. c. MONTANA NIGRA. Black-barked Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. nigra, of Loudon; Irish Black Elm, of the English; a spreading tree, with the habit of the Ulmus c. montana, but with much smaller leaves.

32. U. C. MONTANA AUSTRALIS. Southern Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. aus

*Lauder's Gilpin, 1., p. 91.

tralis, of Loudon. This tree has rather smaller leaves, and a more pendulous habit of growth than that of the Ulmus c. montana; but it does not appear to be different in any other respect.

33. U. c. MONTANA PENDULA. Pendulous-branched Mountain Field Flm; Ulmus m. pendula, of Loudon; which forms a beautiful, highly characteristic tree, generally spreading its branches in a fan-like manner, and stretching them out sometimes horizontally, and at other times almost perpendicularly downwards, so that its summit exhibits great variety of shape. By some, this tree is considered as belonging to an American species of elm; but from its large, rough leaves, its vigorous young wood, and large buds, and, above all, from its flowering at the same time as the Ulmus c. montana, and, like it, ripening an abundance of seeds, which no American elm whatever does, in Britain, we have not a doubt that it is a sub-variety of the Ulmus c. montana. For particular situations in artificial scenery, it is admirably adapted; for example, for attracting the eye, and fixing it, in order to draw it away from some object which cannot be concealed, but which is not desirable to be seen.

34. U. C. MONTANA FASTIGIATA. Fastigate Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. fastigiata, of Loudon; Exeter Elm, Ford's Elm, of the English; a very remarkable tree, with peculiarly twisted leaves, and a very fastigiate habit of growth. The leaves, which are very harsh, feather-nerved, and retain their deep-green till they fall off, enfold one side of the shoots. Its foliage is darker than that of any other variety, save that of the Ulmus c. virens; and the singular cup-shaped form of its summit, cannot be mistaken for that of any other tree. It is of less vigorous growth than the preceding; but, being of a marked character, it well deserves a place in collections.

35. U. c. MONTANA GLABRA. Smooth-leaved Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. glabra, of Loudon; Smooth-leaved Wych Elm, Feathered Elm, of the English. This variety forms an elegant tall tree, with spreading, rather drooping, smooth, blackish branches, scarcely downy, even in the earliest stages of their growth. The leaves, which are small, and quite oblong, are strongly serrated, very unequal at the base, but not elongated at the extremity, and are of a rather rigid, firm substance. The surface of both sides is very smooth to the touch, and without hairs beneath, except the axillary pubescence of the ribs, which often forms a narrow, downy line along the midrib. The flowers are nearly sessile, with fine, short, bluntish, fringed segments, and as many long stamens, the anthers of which are roundish heart-shaped. The samara, which are smaller than those

of most other varieties, are obovate, cloven down to the seeds, smooth, and often of a reddish hue. This tree is a native of Britain, chiefly of England, in woods and hedges, and forms the most common elm in some parts of Essex. It bears seeds in nearly as great abundance as the Ulmus c. montana; and, like that variety, may be propagated from seeds, by layers, and cuttings of the root, or by grafting and inoculation.

36. U. C. MONTANA GLABRA VEGETA. Vigorous-growing Smooth-leaved, Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus montana vegeta, of Lindley; Ulmus m. glabra vegeta, of Loudon; Huntingdon Elm, Chichester Elm, Scampston Elm, of the English. This is by far the most vigorous-growing kind of elm propagated in British nur series, often making shoots from six to ten feet in length in one season; and the tree attaining a height of upwards of thirty feet in ten years from the graft. "Having written to Huntingdon, Chichester, York, Newcastle, and various other places," observes Mr. Loudon, "respecting this elm, we have received the following information from Mr. John Wood, nurseryman near Huntingdon, dated November, 1836:-The Huntingdon elm,' he says, 'was raised here about eighty or ninety years ago, by an uncle of mine, from seed collected in this neighbourhood. I have sent many plants of it all over the country; and it has been