fection, in many of our counties, and men to perform the operation, are eafy to be hai.

2. Burning. The application of fire is as useful and effective to land as that of water. There are in Suffolk, many thousands of acres of poor, wet, cold, hungry pallures, and neglected meadows, over-run and filled with all forts of rubbish, and abounding with too few good plants to render their improvement. eafy without breaking up: all fuch fhould be pared and burnt; not to keep under the plough to be exhaufted and ruined, which is ipfallible, and the land left in a worse fate, beyond all comparison than it was before; but to be laid immediately to grafs, that is, as foon as the courfe of husbandry neceffary will admit. This ought to be without variation, under any pretence whatever, in this courfe of crops. 1. Pare and burn for turnips, which fed on the land by heep. 2. Oats; and with these oats the grafs feeds fown. The oats and the turnips, would more than pay all the expence of a previous hollow draining, fhould that be neceffary, of the paring and burning, and every other charge; and the change, from a very bad pasture to a very fine one, would all be neat profit. The tenant would be greatly benefited, and the landlord would find his eftate im proved, if let, as farms ought to be let, with an abfolute exclufion of felling a lock of hay under any pretence

whatever.

The dry rough fheep walks covered with ling, furze, broom, &c. fhould alfo be boken up in the fame manner; but univerfally to be laid down again with the graffes fuitable to the foil, and to sheep. On weak thin ftapled land, two crops of corn, after paring and burning, would be pernicious. Perbaps they might be well laid down without a fingle one, which would be fo much the better..

3. Grafs land. The arable lands of the county are fo much better maaged than the grafs, that an improve ment in the latter, would be attended

with great private and national advan tage. Our fifter county of Norfolk, is, if poffible, yet worfe in this refpect. Clearing away of bushes, and other rubbish, is not commonly done; mole and ant hills rarely cut; drains made only in arable fields; and as to manuring, I have very feldom feen any laid upon grafs land rented. The reafon of this general neglect refults not from inattention, but an erroneous calculation. In the farmer's eftimate, and he is right, there will be a confiderable benefit remaining to the landlord at the end of a leafe, from all improvements of grafs land; whereas upon arable there may not be one penny left from the expenditure of a pound. This is true, but the conclufion, that what the landlord gains is at the expence of the tenant, is a very great error; both may gain greatly, but not at the expence of each other. One reafon why improvements of grafs are fo rarely feen, and alfo why moft tenants would, if their landlords allowed it, plough up every acre of grafs on their farms, refults, in fome measure, from thein making no fair experiments of the value, which is not to be done in ordinary rough land, except by theep only. If they would lock into fuch a field a certain lot of sheep, fuppofe two, two and a half, or three to an acre, and keep them there the whole year, regiftering the hay given in deep fnows, and on no account folding thofe fheep on other lands, (as in that cafe no im provement refults from theep-feeding) they would find the return of fuch lands not contemptible; and if they continued the trial for a few years, they would fee fuch lands conftantly improving: fo that the more fheep were kept, the more might be kept in future. Thefe are experiments very eafily made with a quiet breed, and there are rot many more important ones.

4. Sheep walks. I have already mentioned the profit of paring and burning thefe: at present I would only obferve, that many farmers think those

defart waftes neceffary for their flocks, which is a most egregious error. They are undoubtedly very ufeful; and, if they were converted to corn, the number of fheep kept upon a farm would decline; but good grafs adapted to the foil would be abundantly more productive for the flock. Whoever has viewed the immenfe waftes that fill almost the whole country from Newmarket to Thetford, and to Gaftropgate, and which are found between Woodbridge and Orford, and thence, one way, to Saxmundham, not to mention the numerous heaths that are fcattered every where, must be convinced, that their improvement for grafs, would enable the county to carry many thoufands of fheep more than it does at prefent.

5. Fallows. There is no queftion, at all of the merit of fallowing, when compared with bad courfes of crops. If the husbandry is not correct in this refpect, the fallowrift will certainly be a much better farmer than his neighbours: but there are courfes, which will clean the fouleft land as well as any fummer-fallow, by means of plants, which admit all the tillage of a fummer-fallow. Cabbages are not planted before June or July: winter tares admit three months tillage, if tillage is wanted. Beans well cultivated will preferve land clean, which has been cleaned by cabbages. And, in any cafe, two fucceffive hoeing-crops are effective in giving pofitive cleannefs. Thefe obfervations are not theory; they are practice; and it is high time that mankind fhould be well perfuaded, that the right quantity of cattle and sheep cannot be kept on a farm, if the fallows of the old fyftem are not made to contribute to their fupport.

6. Live ftock.-The cows and horfes of the county, are already fo good, that the only attention they want, is that of felection for the purpofe of breeding in and in. A fkilful attentive occupier of a large farm, who carries thefe breeds to the perfection they admit of, would find his account. greatly in it, and raise the

prices of these stocks high enough to excite the competition, without which nothing can be perfected.

But, in cafe of fheep, the point is very different. With them, a foreign crofs is neceffary; as much fo for the profit of the farmer as for the interest of the nation. The Norfolk breed certainly have merit; but merit, purchafed at the expence of keeping only half a fair ftock, becomes fomething very different from merit. The South Down and Bakewell's breed are introduced, and will without doubt make their way.

Wafte Lands-If there is one object more important than another in the examination of the agriculture of a province, with a view to the improvements that are practicable in it, it certainly is this of waftes. No perfon, who has seriously reflected on the ftate of the foil of England, but must be well convinced that there want few inftigations to cultivate wastes, but the power to do it, without thofe very expenfive applications to parliament, which are at. prefent neceffary even for the fmaileft objects. If the board of agriculture be able to accomplish this defideratum, it will meric greatly; and the national interests find themfelves advanced in a degree which no other event whatever could fecure. The magnitude and importance of this defign cannot be understood, without difcovering the extent of those waftes, which will, without doubt, be effected by means of the furveys going on in every part of the kingdom.

I have calculated from much information, of different kinds; and from comparing and combining various data, conclude that there are in Suffolk, waftes to the amount of nearly, perhaps quite one hundred thoufand acres, or one eighth part of the whole; comprehended under the terms fheep-walk, common, warren, &c.

It is, however, to be noted, that none of thefe are, ftrictly fpeaking, abfolutely waste, if by that term is understood land yielding nothing: I include all lands uncultivated, which

would admit of a very great improvement, not always profitably to the tenant, who may, on a small capital, make a great intereft per cent. by a warren, for instance, but in every cafe to the public.

Commons fed bare, may feem to yield a confiderable produce, but there is often a great deception in it; the cattle and sheep should be fallowed through the winter, and whenever it is found there is no adequate winter provifion, fo often the cafe with pror men's flock, there are large deductions to be made from the apparent produce of the fummer.

A few years ago, the former of thefe gentlemen purchased the horizontal mill, which fome years fince was erected near Batterlea-bridge, for the purpofe of grinding colours, but which they have converted into a corn mill, by altering the machinery, and have thereby rendered it the most complete thing in the kingdom. Nearly adjoining to this mill they have erected a very large and extenfive diftillery, and, almost circumfcribing their pre, mifes, a range of houfes have been built, of about 600 feet in length, by thirty-two in width, for the oxen: thefe houses are divided longitudinally into feparate ftalls for each beaft, by a rail or bar placed between them, three feet fix inches afunder.-The oxen are placed in two rows, standing, with their heads oppofite each other, and in the middle between the two nows is a paffage fix feet wide, the

whole length, and one at each end, of the fame width, where the cattle go in and out: latterly they have introduced an open wooden trellis, or grating, made irong, which is placed on blocks five or fix inches thick, raifing the grating above the pavement. The intention of this trellis is to keep the animals from the paye ment, that they may not only lie dry, but alfo that they may with greater facility be kept clean; which, as often as they want to do, the foil is drawn out from under the grating, by means of a broad hoe, and likewife that their feet, naturally tender, may be kept from being bruised by the hardness of the pavement, for when ever that happens, they do not thriye. For every hundred of oxen, two men are kept, whofe business it is to feed and to clean them. The allowance is one bushel of grains put into a triangular trough filled with wàsh, tọ each, and one trufs of hay per diem to every fifteen: to which is added, fometimes, fome of the meal duft that flies from the malt in grinding. Their time of buying them in is about September, at which period they are ge nerally brought to Kingston, and other west country fairs. The number which they there buy is from four to five hundred, and for these they pay an average price of about eight pounds per head. The fort they prefer moft, are the largest of the Welth and Herefordshire breed, which arrive when fattened to a middle fize. The Scotch they think too fmall, and the Yorkfhire too large. After keeping them from fourteen to fixteen months, they are in general fufficiently fattened for fale, and are. fold to the carcafebutchers, at an average of Exteen pounds per head. Mr. Hodgfon's communications, as well in this as in other points, were at once liberal, friendly, and gentlemanly.

The buildings which Mr. Adam has erected for the fame purpofe, are upon a very different conftruction, and exhibit a great undertaking well defigned. There is an engine fixed up,

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