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The following table shows the countries with which the United States had the largest unfavorable trade balances in 1913, together with the amount of trade baf such balances. The table also shows the Germany, Great Britain, and France with these same countries. Inspection of the statistics will suggest the great complexity of foreign commerce. In only a few instances does it appear that the negative balance of the United States might have been equalized by the balances of European countries. In the case of Colombia, Germany, Great Britain, and France have favorable balances that would nearly cover the unfavorable balance of the United States. Great Britain has a favorable balance with British India that more than equals the unfavorable balance of the United States, but leaves a negative German and French balance unaccounted for. Germany and Great Britain have positive balances, in Japan that care for the negative balances of the United States and France. The United the only country of the four that was left unfavorable balance with Mexico, but this deficiency was not equalized by the excess accounts of the other countries. The total negative balance preponderafes in the case of Venezuela, hu dea Analysis of the table suggests the following interrelations of trade currents. Britain

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-98, 000+112, 995-68,000 101, 112 +19,000+50,000 22,000-33,591

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Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich (Spezialhandel). Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom (total imports and exports). The dep Tableau Général du Commerce et de la Navigation (Commerce spécial). met hun ei

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Quantity of the principal commodities exported from specified countries and percentage of domestic exports according to value in the calendar years 1913 and 1922)..

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1 U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Trade Information Bulletin, No. 123. July 16, 1923, pp. 16-22. * 1,000 square yards. All classes.

Printing paper.

Can not be stated.

Quantity of the principal commodities exported from specified countries and percentage of domestic exports according to value in the calendar years 1913 and 1922-Continued

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Quantity of the principal commodities exported from specified countries during the calendar years 1913

and 1922.-Continued

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1922

245,470
18, 111
53.757
6,298

short tons.. 933, 8091, 177,478 M feet..1, 849, 134 1,626, 652 .1,000 pounds.. 28,277 40,555 .do... 135,914 290, 343 .metric tons..6, 439, 7505, 321, 914 1,000 pounds..

.do.

M feet.. bushels.

(number...

76,313

275, 816

64,690 290, 431

290,255

249.002

22,970

821,921

43

1,000 dollars..

252

1,456

1,000 pounds..

23.567

23,727

Electric machinery.

[metric tons.

4,078

1,000 dollars..

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Cream separators..

(metric tons...

3,964

11,000 dollars..

4,006

2,614

Iron, hot-rolled (beam,

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163,938

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56,596
46,215
188
14,954

103,582 ..do....] 109, 269 162, 680 .number..1,064, 319 1,761, 216 .1,000 pounds.. 12.413 40, 495 48,988 23,179

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.do.

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.pounds..

56,338

28,605
23, 201
6,802 11,053
643,955 1,082,350

very closely the system employed by the State of New York. The collection districts were mapped out with reference to the State lines, no district lying in more than one State. The officers provided were the collectors (see), deputy collectors, naval officers (see), surveyors (see), weighers (see), measurers, gaugers (see), and inspectors (see). Each district was allowed a collector at its port of entry and a surveyor at each of the ports of delivery. The ports of entry also had a surveyor and the larger ones a naval officer.

This law remained in force barely one year, and was repealed by the act of August 4, 1790 (Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 145, Ch. XXXV), which was little more than a rearrangement of the one it superseded. No further changes of importance were made in customs regulations during the next nine years.

On March 2, 1799, all former laws were repealed and their place taken by an elaborate enactment which remained the framework for subsequent customs administrative legislation. This act fills 82 pages in the statute book and includes many details.

The system provided for local agencies with the collectors at their head. The collector was the agent for communication with the other departments and with the central authorities. In the larger ports his more important acts were supervised by a naval officer, and his chief outside lieutenant was the surveyor. The duties of the minor officers were more or less minutely defined and were in general as they are to-day. The country was again redistricted, this time on a definite plan, with one port of entry in each district, at which the collector of the district resided. There might also be a surveyor, and possibly a naval officer, 14,286 according to the importance of the district. Ports of delivery of sufficient importance within the district were provided with surveyors. The principal officers were required to give bonds, and all officers were required to take oath that they would faithfully perform their duties. The provisions for the delivery of the manifest, its contents, and form were exactly prescribed. The manifest was now required to contain a list of all passengers and a description of all their baggage, together with a complete account of all remaining "sea stores" and ship supplies. Descriptions of all baggage and its contents were required to be furnished and an oath taken that these goods were intended solely for the use of the person importing them or for the use of his family. In lieu of this the baggage might be searched.

(See also BALANCE OF SHIPPING; TRADE ROUTES; COLONIAL TARIFF POLICIES.)

CURRY. See SPICES, ETC. CURTAINS. See BLINDS. CUSTOMHOUSE BROKERS. The term includes all persons, copartnerships, corporations, and firms transacting customs business at a customhouse in behalf of other persons generally. No person may transact business as a customhouse broker without a license.1

CUSTOMS. Duties or taxes levied upon goods imported or exported. (See TARIFF TARIFF RATES.)

CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, UNITED STATES, HISTORICAL. The following account is but a brief outline of the development of the more important customs legislation in the United States.2 Legislation concerning valuation for tariff purposes is omitted here. It is treated under the title DUTIABLE Value.

One of the first laws passed after the organization of Congress under the constitution of 1787 was "an act to regulate the collection of duties." (Act of July 31, 1789; Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 29.) This act divided the country into collection districts and enumerated the ports of entry and delivery, of which there was to be at least one in each district. The statute was a hasty compilation from the laws of the various states, and followed

Cust. Reg., 1923, Arts. 1266-1275.

Up to and including the administrative act of 1890 the material is digested from Goss, J. D., The History of Tariff Administration in the United States, New York, 1897.

Numerous rules were laid down respecting drawbacks (see). All officers of customs were forbidden under penalty of $500 to be concerned directly or indirectly in shipping or commerce.

It was further provided that, except in certain districts, no goods were to be brought into the United States except by sea and in vessels of at least 30 tons burden.

After the passage of the act of 1799 very little change was made in customs administrative laws for a number of years. From time to time minor regulations of little importance were established. and special temporary measures were adopted during the War of 1812. By the law of April 20, 1818, the Secretary of the Treasury was given authority, if he deemed it expedient, to direct the collector to admit goods to entry on appraisement. The President was to appoint two well-qualified persons to be appraisers at each of the ports of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore,

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