In the preparation of this volume the Tariff Commission had the services of its regular staff, as follows: Dr. Clarence D. Blachly supervised the work, and wrote most of the noncommodity articles. The editorial work was performed by Miss Martha W. Williams, Mr. John S. Hodgson, and Miss Bonnie Hockensmith. The economic articles were written under the advice and guidance of the chief economist, Dr. John R. Turner. Dr. Benjamin B. Wallace read the general text and contributed valuable criticism and additions. Dr. H. G. A. Brauer wrote the article on "Commercial Treaties," and parts of others; Miss Marjorie L. Franklin, the article on "Official Valuation"; and Mr. Frederick L. Koch that on "Customs Organization and Procedure." The articles on commodities were prepared in the commodity divisions, the chiefs of which are, respectively, C. R. DeLong, F. L. Koch, F. M. Leonard (acting), F. H. Smith, Joshua Bernhardt, L. B. Zapoleon, W. A. Graham Clark, and Charles F. Yauch. The statistical section (chief, Miss Stella Stewart), compiled many of the statistics. This volume could not have been written without the painstaking and intelligent assistance of many others on the staff of the commission. The list of such contributors is too extensive for enumeration and this general acknowledgment is therefore made. STATISTICAL NOTES. The word "rate" used in the import tables throughout this work means the ad valorem rate of duty of the commodities specified. In cases where the law provides a specific duty the specific rate is converted to an equivalent ad valorem rate on the basis of the average value of the imported article for the period given. In some cases such "rate" is not given, although a tariff rate existed. The absence of the "rate" in the table may be due to the complexity of the duty, which rendered impracticable a single statement. Where no "rate" is given in the import tables, the table of comparison of tariff rates in the back of the book may be consulted to ascertain the duty. Throughout the book the following symbols are employed in the import tables: * Jan. 1 to Sept. 21, under tariff act of 1913. Sept. 22 to Dec. 31, under tariff act of 1922. At the end of most of the commodity articles references in italics are given to the special reports of the Tariff Commission which contain more complete treatments of the subject. Import and export statistics cover fiscal years through 1917, and thereafter calendar years. Export figures for 1923 are preliminary. Production figures, unless otherwise stated, are for the United States. The term "ton" signifies the long ton of 2,240 pounds unless otherwise specified. TARIFF DICTIONARY. ABRASIVE MATERIALS, General. Abrasives are substances that are suitable for grinding or polishing other hard materials. They may be divided into the two classes, natural and artificial. The former include abrasive garnet, burrstones, millstones, etc., grindstones, hones, and whetstones, quartzite, emery and corundum, rottenstone and tripoli, pumice, bort and diamond dust, flint, etc. The principal artificial abrasives are carbides of silicon and oxides of aluminum; steel wool or steel shavings; grit, shot, and sand made of iron or steel The domestic production of natural abrasives has not materially increased in recent years. It has furnished between 30 and 40 per cent of the total consumption. The following table shows in general a decided growth of the total exports of abrasive products, the result of the increased output of the artificial variety, especially during the years 1914 to 1922. No comparative figures are available on the production of abrasive materials and products in foreign countries. The large exports from the United States indicate that this country is the leading producer of finished abrasive articles. This is due principally to the fact that artificial abrasives, which are an American invention, have shown a marked superiority over the natural. Canada, however, is the leading producer of the trude artificial abrasive materials. There are three companies manufacturing artificial abrasives in France. It is understood that one of these companies is financed largely by American capital. Prior to the invention of artificial abrasives the United States was largely dependent on corundum and emery for high-grade grinding and polishing materials, the former of domestic origin chiefly, the latter chiefly from Turkey and Greece and to a less extent from domestic deposits. At the present time the United States is largely dependent on Canada for the most important materials, the crude artificial abrasives. It is dependent on Italy for a large part of its pumice stone. The United States imports other abrasive materials, but the imports are small compared with the production of the same article in this country. This is the case of diatomaceous earth, tripoli, millstones and burrstones, grindstones, pulpstones, oilstones, hones, whetstones, and scythestones. This country relies entirely on foreign sources for diamond dust and bort. Imports, other than those of crude artificial abrasives, decreased from $977,718 in 1910 to Oilstones and whetstones and hones are also made from artificial abrasives. $555,850 in 1916. In 1917 such imports increased to $812,303, and in 1918 reached the high figure of $1,187,632. The imports of crude artificial abrasives increased from $24,249 in 1910 to $1,956,523 in 1918. In 1921 they decreased to $519,309. With the exception of the years 1913 and 1914 by far the larger value came from Canada. France supplied practically all of the balance. Nearly all of the crude artificial abrasives are manufactured in Canada, where cheap water power is available. They are the product of American companies manufacturing for the use of their own factories located in the United States. Garnet is a hard mineral, of which the larger perfect specimens are used as gems and the less perfect material as abrasives. It has physical properties that make its use ideal for certain purposes, especially for leather manufactures and wood finishing. Abrasive garnets are produced in three States, New York, New Hampshire, and North Carolina. The rock containing the garnet is mined, crushed, and jigged to separate the garnet from the refuse rock. The production in this country has amounted to about 5,000 tons annually; in 1922 it was slightly over 7,000 tons. A small amount has been imported from Spain. For Bath brick used for scouring and polishing metals, see BRICKS. Bort and Diamond Dust. Bort denotes diamonds of inferior quality, especially such as have a radiating crystallization, not taking a polish; also, an amorphous variety of diamond, brown, gray, or black, known as "black diamond or carbonado," found massive in Brazil in association with pure diamonds. Diamond dust is a powder secured by crushing bort, or by rubbing together two diamonds in the process of faceting. It is used for cutting and polishing diamonds and other precious stones. The amorphous variety is extensively used in diamond drills and stone saws, for which ordinary diamonds are too expensive. Imports in 1914 of bort and diamond dust were valued at $90,512 and came principally from France and England. Later statistics follow: Burrstones, Millstones, etc. Burrstones or millstones and the closely related quarry products, chasers and dragstones, are natural quarried stones that are used for grinding purposes. Millstones were formerly used for grinding grain, but have been replaced by modern grain-milling machinery. This has been somewhat offset by the growing use of chasers and dragstones for grinding mineral products, such as feldspar, quartz, and pigments. Chasers are similar in composition to millstones, but are larger in size, and by being made to run on edge, curl the material; millstones are run horizontally and the materials are ground between two stones. Production of millstones (burrstones) and related quarry articles has varied widely. New York and Virginia are the chief sources. The value of the output in successive years has been as follows: 1912, $71,414; 1917, $43,489; 1918, $92,514; 1919, $66,972; 1920, $63,325; 1921, $24,522; 1922, $20,853. Imports of millstones since 1913 have varied from $15,000 to $20,000; in 1917 they were about 40 per cent of the domestic production. Recently, at least, the imports have come principally from France. Later statistics follow: Imports of corundum ore declined steadily from 840 long tons, valued at $63,286, in 1911, to 17 tons, valued at $633, in 1916. Imports of corundum grains have varied considerably. In 1913 they were 1,937,803 pounds, valued at $87,187, with over 90 per cent from Canada; in 1916, 657,826 pounds. Scotland has been the chief source since 1915. Imports of manufactures of emery and corundum have been small, in 1913 valued at $15,067. Later imports have been as follows: Exports not recorded separately. Emery and Corundum, prior to the invention of artificial abrasives, were the most important abrasive materials. Corundum is a natural crystalline mineral composed of aluminum oxide. Emery is an impure form of corundum. They are used in making emery cloth and paper, and are manufactured into grinding wheels by mixing with suitable binding materials. Production. The chief commercial sources of emery are the Greek island of Naxos and the Province of Smyrna in Asia Minor. Emery is produced in the United States chiefly in the Peekskill district of New York and recently has been obtained in Pittsylvania County, Va. Domestic production increased from 485 tons, valued at $2,425, in 1914, to 16,315 tons, valued at $173,589, in 1917; the increase was due to restricted imports and increased war demand. Production of emery in 1919 amounted to 2,601 short tons, valued at $23,203; in 1920 to 2,327 short tons, valued at $21.685; and in 1922 to 1,468 short tons, valued at $17,511. Canada, formerly the chief source of corundum, has been practically unproductive since 1913. There are important deposits in India and the South African Transvaal, whence considerable quantities reached this country during 1917. Crude ore is usually shipped to Glasgow for refining and is reexported to this country. Domestic production in 1917 (all from North Carolina) was 820 tons, valued at $67,461. No production of corundum was reported in 1919 and 1920. Imports of emery grains in 1914 were 844,157 pounds, valued at $33,874, with about 60 per cent from England and 25 per cent from France. In 1917 they fell to 136,969 pounds, valued at $7,889, all from England and Canada. Survey B-3. Flint, flints, and flint stones are used in pebble and tube mills for grinding minerals, ores, cement, and other materials. Foreign pebbles are crushed and used as "flint" in the ceramic industry. Production of pebbles for grinding has been stimulated by the war; the supply has been collected along the beach in San Diego County, Calif., in Minnesota, Nevada, and Pennsylvania. Artificial stones have been produced by mechanically rounding pieces of hard stone. Statistics showing grinding pebbles and tube-mill linings sold by producers in the United States, 1918-1922, are as follows: Exports in 1922 were $292,051; in 1923,$342,737. Survey B-8. Pumice is a form of porous volcanic glass used as an abrasive, chiefly in metal polishes, scouring soaps, and lithographic work. Production. The domestic product prior to 1917 was principally a fine volcanic dust or ash, improperly called pumice. It is, for ordinary requirements, a satisfactory substitute for ground Italian pumice originating in the Lipari Islands as a massive, vesicular, glassy lava. The only domestic deposits of lump pumice resembling this product are located in California and Arizona. Difficulty of shipping from Mediterranean ports and an embargo on imports stimulated production of lump pumice in 1917. Production of volcanic dust increased from 27,591 tons, valued at $59,172, in 1914, to 35,293 tons, valued at $84,814, in 1917. Nebraska led in production until 1916, when Kansas took first place. Production statistics of pumice follow: Exports, largely to Canada and Cuba, have been valued as follows: 1918, $210,889; 1920, $424,322; 1922, $281,213; 1923, $499,123. Survey B-s. Hones and Whetstones, formerly made only from natural quarried rocks, are now manufactured from artificial abrasives, which are fast replacing the natural stones. Production of oilstones (including hones and whetstones) and scythestones from natural rock decreased from $207,352 in 1913 to $115,178 in 1915, and then increased to $168,704 in 1917 and to $197,450 in 1922. Arkansas is the chief producer of oilstones, whetstones, and hones; Ohio leads in scythestones; New Hampshire, Vermont, and Michigan also contribute important quotas. Oilstones and scythestones sold by producers in the United States, 1918-1922. 1923. 20,995 41,002 836 292 35.00 35.00 Quartzite is a sandstone which by the action of geologic agencies has been compacted into a solid quartz rock. As distinguished from sandstones, quartzites are free from pores and have a smooth fracture. Quartzite blocks may be used in tube mills for crushing and grinding ores and cements, and for other metallurgical and chemical processes. They are too hard and splintery to be used as building stones to any large extent. Production.-Statistics are not given separately for quartzite. In the following table are shown total domestic sales of quartz from quartz veins, pegmatite, and quartzite. Imports and exports-None separately recorded. Rottenstone and Tripoli. Rottenstone is a siliceous stone, the residue of a siliceous limestone whose calcareous matter has been removed by the solvent action of water. The term tripoli designates two products similar in properties, uses, and chemical composition, but different in geological origin; the name being applied to: (1) A light, white or yellowish, porous, and generally purely siliceous rock which has resulted from the leaching of the calcareous matter from very siliceous limestone or highly calcareous cherts, and is therefore synonymous with rottenstone; (2) diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr. A deposit of a fine, white, siliceous powder, composed chiefly or wholly of the remains of diatoms or minute aquatic plants, occurs in Tripoli, and enters the trade as tripoli or tripolite. These materials are usually loose and powdery, but in some cases are more or less firmly coherent. They are used chiefly as an abrasive for polishing purposes, scouring soaps, and soap powders; as absorbents, chiefly for nitroglycerin in making dynamite; as a filtering medium, packing material, and heat-insulating material. Production.-Illinois has been the chief producer of tripoli, although the output of eastern States (Pennsylvania. for example) is higher priced, and is the type sold for polishing preparations. Western States lead in the output of diatomaceous earth. Statistics of production are given in the following table: 1 July 1 to Dec. 31. Survey B-3. 114 $2,582 42 $2,073 339 $5,774 363 $11,779 2 Jan. 1 to June 30. Artificial Abrasives are of three kinds (1) silicon carbides, sold under the trade names of carborundum, crystolon, and carbolon; (2) aluminum oxides, sold as alundum, aloxite, exolon, coralox, natite, and lionite: (3) grit, shot, and sand of iron and steel, and steel wool and shavings. CARBIDES OF SILICON AND OXIDES OF ALUMINUM. Carbide of silicon is the best abrasive for use on cast iron, brass, bronze, and other metals of low tensile strength, and on marble, granite, pearl, leather, and carbon. It is also used in the form of Oxide of aluminum is the best abrasive for grindbricks as a refractory in furnace construction. ing steel and wrought iron. It also has found considerable use as a refractory and filtering medium. These artificial abrasives, by far the most important abrasive materials, have replaced emery and corundum to a large extent. ing coke, sand, sawdust, and salt to a very high Production.-Carbide of silicon is made by heat aluminum is made by fusing the mineral bauxite temperature in an electric furnace. Oxide of and carbon in an electric furnace and allowing it to cool and crystallize. By variations in conditions of manufacture, several degrees of hardness products are crushed and separated into grains of and toughness can be secured. These crude uniform size; the grains are then mixed with suitable binding materials and shaped into the desired form. Production in the United States and gives) increased from 33,489,000 pounds, valued at Canada (including a small quantity of steel abra$2,017,458, in 1913, to 115,822,000 pounds, valued at $8,137,242, in 1917. The 1917 production was divided as follows: Silicon carbide, 16,646,000 pounds, valued at $1,074,152; aluminum oxide, 96,926,000 pounds, valued at $6,969,387; and metallic abrasives, 2,250,000 pounds, valued at $93,703. In 1919 domestic production of all artificial abrasives was 56,562,000 pounds (not including entire production), valued at $5,019,779, and in 1920, 84,874,000 pounds; valued at $7,492,164. In 1921, production amounted to 26,398,000 pounds, valued at $1,996,147. The industry was first established at Niagara Falls, N. Y. because of the electrical power. In recent years, power at Niagara has failed to meet growing demands, and branch factories, owned by American concerns, have been established in Canada, where water power is available. A large part of the Canadian output is exported to this country and manufactured into wheels, stones, and other finished products. Imports and exports of artificial abrasives are included with those of natural abrasives until 1922. Imports for the last three months of 1922 and for 1923 were as follows: |