The following table shows the value of the Imports for consumption-China, porcelain, parian, chinaware produced in the United States in speciand bisque wares--Continued. fied years: $50, 404 171,261 1920. 330, 768 165, 384 1921 580,233 290, 117 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 55 55 55 55 55 70 70 Bisque and parian ware, clock cases, plaques, ornaments, toys, vases, etc.: Exports of chinaware, chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico, have been as follows: 1914, $166, 635; 1918, $318,448; 1920, 8816,817; 1922, table, toilet, and kitchen ware, 650,839 pounds, valued at $195,577; electrical porcelain, 8,629,020 pounds, valued at $1,379,750; other china and porcelain ware, 413,852 pounds, valued at $121,396; 1923, table, toilet, and kitchen ware, 711,987 pounds, valued at $188,283; electrical porcelain, 11,132,921 pounds, valued at $1,783,614; other china and porcelain ware, 413,259 pounds, valued at $145,863. Survey B-6. CHINESE TRANSIT TAX. See LIKIN. CHLORAL HYDRATE is a white crystalline solid of sharp taste used chiefly as a sleep-producing drug. Chloral is converted into chloral hydrate by the addition of water, and is also combined with other substances to form various drugs used for neuralgia and as sleep producers. Production.-Chloral hydrate is manufactured by treating ethyl alcohol (grain alcohol) with chlorine gas and subsequently with sulphuric acid and water. The use of denatured alcohol is lawful for this purpose. Prior to the war its manufacture was attempted in this country from tax-paid alcohol, but discontinued because of the reduction in price of the German product. After the war its manu facture was resumed at St. Louis, Mo., and at Midland, Mich., upon a scale sufficient to supply domestic needs. Imports in 1914 were 644 pounds. tistics follow: 1918 1921. 1922* 1922+. 1923. Later sta Year. Pounds. Value. Duty. Rate. 25 1,905 1,758 140 25 Exports. Statistics not available. cacao butter the chocolate liquor is subjected to hydraulic pressure, a large part of the oil or fat expressed, the pressed mass passed through a fine sieve, dried thoroughly, and canned or packed as cocoa. Production. The output of the cocoa and chocolate industry increased about tenfold from 1895 to 1918. In 1914, 36 factories (exclusive of confectioners) had a capital of $24,000,000 and a product valued at $36,000,000. The industry is localized in the Eastern States, four plants producing about half the domestic output. Automatic ma35 chinery is employed almost exclusively, and raw materials constitute the principal item of cost. In 1917 the 29 largest factories reported the following production, which was substantially the total for this country: 25 35 a CHLOROACETIC ACID. See ACIDS. CHLOROFORM is a colorless liquid with characteristic ethereal odor, its vapors, when inhaled, producing anesthesia, a property giving it its largest use. It is employed also as a solvent and as an antiseptic, about 1 per cent of grain alcohol being added to prevent decomposition. Production in 1914 was 1,333,954 pounds, valued at $295,317, a decrease of more than 500,000 pounds compared with 1909, probably due to the increased use of ether in anesthesia. The 1919 output was 1,677,600 pounds, valued at $516,600; production in 1923, 1,585,250 pounds, with sales of 1,442,479 pounds, valued at $355,319. Chloroform is one of many articles which requires chlorine in its manufacture. It is made from any one of three raw materials--carbon tetrachloride, acetone, or grain alcohol-all of which are produced in the United States in sufficient quantities. The war demand for acetone greatly stimulated the production of chloroform from carbon tetrachloride. Imports in 1914 were 2,444 pounds, valued at $990. Since the war they were less than 100 pounds annually until 1921, when 4,512 pounds, valued at $615, were entered. In 1922, 15 pounds, and in 1923, 381 pounds, valued at $133, were imported. Exports.-Statistics not available previous to 1922, when exports were 54,897 pounds, valued at $20,282. No exports are recorded in 1923. Survey A-6. CHLOROPHYLE. AND TANNING. See EXTRACTS, DYEING, CHOCOLATE AND COCOA are derived from the cacao bean or crude cacao. After being cleaned, sorted, blended, and roasted, the crude cacao is crushed into small fragments, termed "chocolate nibs," from which the shells or husks are removed by a winnowing process. The nibs are then ground into a molasseslike product which hardens upon cooling. This is the unsweetened chocolate (chocolate liquor" in the trade). Confectioners and bakers take most of the marketed product, and a considerable proportion is used as cooking chocolate. The great bulk of this liquor is further elaborated for sweetened chocolate or cocoa powder and butter. The removal of all but about 20 per cent of the natural fat content, enabling the product to powder, distinguishes cocoa from chocolate. There is much demand for this fat or cacao butter. The familiar sweet chocolate is prepared by milling or stirring the liquor, adding sugar and cacao butter, and sometimes other ingredients, and pouring the semifluid mass into molds to harden or "cake.' There is a growing market for Swiss or milk chocolate, which involves merely the addition of powdered milk. In the manufacture of cocoa and Cocoa butter and substitutes: 872 107 12.24 8, 179 2,539 286 11.27 14, 080 6,705 493 7.35 1,723,385 380, 985 60,313 7,031,686 1,771,279 246,109 15.83 13.89 202,075 47,377 11,844 25.00 191,302 43,554 10,888 25.00 A large percentage of the cacao butter comes from the Netherlands, and Germany. Exports during 1910-1914 were valued at $300,000 to $500,000. Later statistics follow (000 omitted) 1918 1920 1922 1923 762 215 331 In 1923 there were also imported 29,301 pounds of chrome metal, valued at $10,689, and 127,947 pounds of chromium-vanadium, valued at $4,747. Exports. Some ferrochrome has been exported, but the figures are not available. Chromate of CHROME BRICKS. See BRICKS. CHROMIC ACID. See ACIDS. CHROMITE OR CHROME ORE. iron, or chromic ore, is more properly called chromite, chrome iron, or chromic iron ore. It is used chiefly, in making ferrochrome and in the manufacture of refractory chrome brick for metallurgical furnaces and is also used in bichromates of potash and sodium. It is of prime military importance. Production. In 1918 production was estimated at 79,000 tons from about 350 mines operating mostly in the Western States. About 90 per cent of domestic chromite was produced in California; most of the remainder came from Oregon, with some from Wyoming, Maryland, and other States. Domestic resources are insignificant com5,523 pared with the large high-grade deposits in New Caledonia, Asia Minor, Rhodesia, and Russia. Prior to 1914 only a small fraction of the domestic 11,295 requirement was produced in the United States; the large war demand, however, and high prices induced an increased output. Owing to the poverty of the domestic deposits, their widely scatthem from market, the greater number of the tered locations, and the long distance of most of mines can not operate at a profit under normal conditions. Hence the country's output since 1918 has been very small, amounting in 1922 to approximately 398 short tons. 302 CHROME or chromium occurs chiefly as an oxide in combination with iron or other elements. The pure metal is hard, steel-gray in color, and not readily oxidized. It alloys with iron in all proportions and is used principally in the form of ferrochrome which is sold on a basis of its chromium and carbon contents, the price increasing with the chromium and decreasing with the carbon content. Ferrochrome is used extensively in the manufacture of armor-plate steel, armor-piercing projectiles, bullet-proof steel, high-speed steel and alloys, high-grade castings, stamp-mill shoes and dies, safe steel, wire, tires, springs, razors, file and cutlery steel, and for other minor purposes. Hardness and toughness are the principal characteristics of steels containing chromium. Production.-An incomplete outline by the Geological Survey of production of ferro-alloys in the United States gives sales of 3,524 tons of ferrochrome, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, and ferrovanadium in 1916, and 6,066 tons of ferrochrome, ferromolybdenum, ferrotitanium, ferrozirconium, and ferrovanadium in 1919. These figures, however, include only a fraction of the production, as an incomplete survey made by the Tariff Commission showed an output in excess of the figures given. The Geological Survey reports shipments of domestic ferrochromium in 1920 of 16,606 gross tons, valued at $5,708,277, valued at $777,166; in 1918 (fiscal year), 77,863 Imports of chromite in 1914 were 85,892 tons, tons, valued at $1,555,861. Prior to 1914 imports donia, and Turkey in Asia; in 1921, from British came chiefly from Portuguese Africa, New CaleSouth Africa, British India, French Oceania, and Portuguese East Africa. For later calendar years they have been as follows: 27,883 129,693 $203, 940 $1, 123, 120 CHROMIUM PIGMENTS. Chrome yellow is a pigment obtained by mixing solutions of sodium or potassium bichromate with a soluble lead salt (such as the acetate), filtering the insoluble lead chromate formed, and washing and drying to a powder. Shades from deep orange to light canary yellow may be obtained by varying the chemical conditions. Chrome green is a mixture of chrome yellow and Prussian blue. Chrome red is sometimes known as vermilion red or American vermilion. It is a basic lead chromate made by digesting chrome yellow with caustic soda. Zinc yellow is a pigment containing zinc and chromium. The chrome colors are used in the manufacture of paints and for other purposes where a color pigment is desired. Chrome green is also used in the manufacture of lithographic inks. These colors are sold dry, in pulp, or ground in or mixed with CHRONOMETERS. See WATCHES, ETC. CIDER is the juice of apples or other fruit, obtained by grinding the fruit to a pulp and pressing in a mill. It is chiefly used as a beverage and in the making of vinegar. Production. In 1914 there were 430 manufac or all the filler or body, the binder which serves to retain Production of large cigars amounted to about 7,000,000,000 and 6,726,000,000, and of small cigars to over 847,000,000 and 670,000,000 in 1918 and 1921, respectively. Corresponding figures in 1922 were 6,722,354,177 large cigars and 632,906,635 small cigars. The greater portion consists of popular-priced grades of domestic tobacco except, perhaps, the wrapper. The seed or Havana' cigar also has accounted for an extensive branch of the industry. The manufacture of "clear Havana" cigars from Cuban leaf is an important industry in Tampa and Key West, Fla. Cigar production has not increased greatly in recent years, and manufacturers have declined in number. Domestic output of cigarettes, especially of the "Turkish blend" class, has grown remarkably, in 1908 being less than 7,000,000,000; in 1921 over 52,000,000,000, and in 1922 production amounted to 55,780,473,074. Imports of cigars average per annum about 600,quantities from the Philippines-about 4,200,000 pounds in 1918. Imports of cigarettes are small, averaging 75,000 pounds before the war, mostly from Mexico, the Philippines, and Egypt. Im turers of cider in the United States, with a prod-000 pounds from Cuba, with increasingly large uct valued at $2,244,618. New York, Illinois, and Kentucky lead in its manufacture. In 1919 a total of 522 establishments reported a product valued at $7,243,000. Besides this, 19,400,000 gallons, valued at $9,700,000, were made on farms. În 1921, 78 establishments reported their value of products as $2,820,813. Many households manufacture for consumption or sale, but there has been a marked trend toward factory production. Imports of cider since 1917 have been as follows: ports since 1917 have been as follows: Year. Cigars and cheroots of all Pounds. Value. Duty. 2,737 99,825 $2,852 $55 1.92 1921. 1922 66 1.59 34, 180 9,591 151,215 75, 502 43,601 18, 821 1,997 1.81 1923 2,011,679 2,832, 540 4,683, 431 Cigarettes and paper cigars, 4.01 including wrappers: 1918. 1919. 922 12.20 CINNAMON. See SPICES, ETC. CITRATE OF LIME is an intermediate substance obtained in the manufacture of citric acid from the juice of lemons or other citrus fruits. It is used only for the manufacture of citric acid. (See also LIMES.) Domestic production.--Citrate of lime is produced in California from cull lemons, but in amounts much below imports. Imports for the fiscal year 1913 amounted to 5,526,954 pounds, valued at $756,309. Imports increased in 1916 to 8,127,364 pounds, valued at $1,763,652, and yielding a revenue of $81,273. Imported citrate of lime comes almost entirely from Sicily. Later statistics follow: 1918.. 1919. Year. 1920. 12, 490, 196 3,027, 823 1921. 988, 969 1922* 15,955, 876 2,219, 859 1922+. 1923. 44, 816 1,672,604 3.647 200, 143 CINCHONA AND OTHER QUININE BARKS. Cinchona bark, from a tropical tree, is used in making quinine and other alkaloids, and also as a crude drug. Its medicinal uses are those of quinine; the crude bark has considerable vogue in proprietary preparations. Several commercial varieties exist. Barks, other than cinchona, from which quinine may be extracted were formerly of some importance in commerce but are now rare. Cinchona trees are native to South America, notably Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, formerly the only commercial sources of the drug. But owing to extensive collection of the wild plant, wasteful methods and insufficient planting, together with cultivation on a large scale in Java, those countries now supply only negligible amounts of the drug. War scarcity renewed interest in South American cinchona, and new supplies of considerable importance are reported to be awaiting exploitation. Cinchona of modern commerce comes almost wholly from Java, where its cultivation is extensive and is fostered by governmental aid. Various commercial grades from different species of cinchona trees are known, the alkaloidal content having been considerably increased by plant breeding and seed selection. Java, which formerly exported chiefly the crude bark, has recently developed quinine factories, and exportations of crude quinine now tend to exceed those of cinchona bark. The industry is controlled by an association of planters and producers through commercial agreements with manufacturers and importers. Considerable plantations of cinchona also exist in India, the product being manufactured into alkaloids by Government factories. Indian supplies are almost wholly consumed within that country or handled by the British Government. Recent experimental cul- Citron in brine: tivation of cinchona in the Philippines is reported as promising satisfactory future results. (See also QUININE.) Imports of cinchona bark averaged 3,441,991 pounds, valued at $290,909 for 1909-1913, and 3,447,367 pounds, valued at $653,837, for 1914-1918. The Netherlands, having control of the island of Java, the principal source of supply, furnish approximately 99 per cent of the imports. Imports since 1917, have been as follows: 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. Year. Production. Citrons are grown in California and Florida, but more extensively in the West Indies and southern Europe. California produced 2,002 boxes of citrons, valued at $8,008, in 1919. Production figures for Florida are not shown. Most of the candied citron comes from Mediterranean countries. Imports in 1914 of citron in brine amounted to 2,482,940 pounds, valued at $106,677; and of candied citron, 849,557 pounds, valued at $66,849. Later figures follow: Survey FL-2. Exports.-None recorded. CITRONELLA. See OILS, DISTILLED AND ESSENTIAL. |