Leather. The portion of an oar which rests in the rowlock. This is sometimes covered with canvas, but is usually covered with leather' hence the name.

Loom. The portion of an oar extending from blade to handle.

Lug rig.-Applied to large quadrilateral sails bent to yards that hang obliquely to the mast; the halyards being secured nearer to one end of the yard than to the other. In the "standing lug" rig used in the Navy the foretack is lashed or hooked to an eyebolt on the after side of the foremast.

Main boom. The boom on the mainmast which spreads the foot of the mainsail.

Oars.-Long wooden implements for propelling boats by pulling. Oars consist of blade, loom, and handle.

Painter. A rope, secured in the bow, for towing or for securing the boat.

Peak. The upper after corner of a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail. Pintles.-Small straight pieces of metal secured to the rudder and fitting in the gudgeons on the sternpost of very small boats, thus supporting the rudder. Analogous to the rudder braces, upper and lower, of larger boats.

Plug.-The stopper which is placed in the drain hole when the boat is lowered. It should be secured in the boat by a small lanyard or chain.

Rising. The narrow fore-and-aft strakes inside of a boat, secured to the frames, on which the thwarts rest.

Rowlocks.-Forked pieces of metal in which the leathers of oars rest while pulling. Sunken or box rowlocks are those which are set down into the gunwale of the boat. Swivel rowlocks are movable, the shank of the rowlock fitting in a socket in the gunwhale.

Rudder.-A flat board hung abaft the sternpost by means of gudgeons and pintles, used for steering a boat.

Sheer. The rise of the longitudinal lines of a boat from the horizontal plane, as seen in looking along a boat's side. The curve of the gunwale when compared with the straight water line.

Sheer strake.-The upper strake of the boat.

Sheets. The lines secured to the clew of a sail, or to the main boom, used to set the sail and hold it in position.

Shrouds.-Lines stretched from the masthead to a boat's rail.

They support the mast on each side.

Sloop rig.-Consists of a large fore-and-aft quadrilateral sail with gaff and boom, also a jib and jib boom.

Sprit rig.-Consists of a single mast carrying a large quadrilateral sail, the peak of which is held out by a light movable wooden boom, called a sprit, which, when in place, extends from the peak of the sail to a stirrup on the lower part of the mast.

Stem. The upturned portion of the keel, at the bow of the boat, to which the forward ends of the planks are secured.

Step of mast.-A small metal receptacle on the keel in which the heel of the mast rests.

Steering rowlock.-A peculiar form of swivel rowlock, fitted near the stern of a whaleboat, in which the steering oar is shipped. This is sometimes called a crutch.

Stern fast.-A stern painter for use in securing the stern of a boat. Sternpost. The principal piece of timber in a boat's stern frame. It is a vertical continuation of the keel at the after part of the boat. Stern sheets.-The space in the boat abaft the thwarts.

Strakes. Continuous lines of fore-and-aft planking. Each line of planking is known as a strake.

Stretchers. Athwartship, movable pieces against which the oarsmen brace their feet in pulling.

Strongback. The spar lashed to the two davits on which a boat is hoisted.

Tack. The forward, lower corner of a fore-and-aft sail.

Thrum mats.-Mats made of a small piece of canvas, with short strands of rope yarn sewed on it-called "thrumming." These are placed between the rowlocks and the oars to prevent noise in pulling. Thwarts.-The seats on which the oarsmen sit.

Throat. The forward upper corner of the quadrilateral fore-andaft sail in a sloop rig. Also called the nock.

Tiller. A bar or lever, fitted fore-and-aft in the rudder head by which the rudder is moved.

Topping lift.-A line used for supporting or hauling up the boom of a fore-and-aft sail.

Trailing lines.-Small lines secured to the boat and around the oars to prevent the latter from getting adrift when trailed.

Yard. A spar to which the head of a lug sail is attached. The term lug is applied to the forward part of it when it has to be dipped (in some rigs) from one side to the other of the mast in going about. Yoke.-Athwartship piece fitting over the rudder head, and by which the rudder is moved when the tiller is not shipped.

Yoke lanyards.--Small lines attached to or rove through the ends of the yoke for use in steering when the yoke is shipped.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

13050-20

CHAPTER II.

BOAT GEAR AND EQUIPMENT.

BOAT GEAR-PULLING BOATS.

19. The following boat gear shall be carried by pulling boats at all times, except when special circumstances render it undesirable. (1) Anchor, with chain, or line, bent and ready for use. (2) Boat painter.

(3) Stern fast.

One complete set of oars. If swivel rowlocks or thole pins and grommets, which do not permit tossing, are used, each oar must be fitted with a trailing line.

(5) Spare oars for one thwart (fitted with trailing line if the abovedescribed rowlocks are used).

(6) Three boat hooks, except dinghies and wherries, two.

Spars, sails, and rigging, in spar cover complete, ready for use. (Spars and sails are not furnished for racing cutters, dories, or wherries. They are furnished for only one boat on destroyers or torpedo boats.)

(8) Awnings and stanchions if climatic conditions demand. (They are not furnished for racing cutters, or dories.)

(9) Boat bucket for bailing and for general use.

(10) Breakers with a quantity of fresh water equal to at least onehalf-gallon for each person in the crew.

(11) One set of stretchers complete.

(12) A canvas bag containing one boat ensign and staff, a 2-foot red wigwag signal flag and staff, one answering pennant and staff, one boat distinguishing flag and staff, and in the case of gigs, a captain's pennant and staff.

(13) Boat compass (when boat is in the water).

(14) Boat box. (Boat boxes are not furnished for dinghies, dories, or wherries, or for boats issued to destroyers or torpedo boats.)

(15) Tin box with cover for cleaning gear.

(16) Key to boat box.

(17) Rudder and tiller, each fitted with a light lanyard.

(18) Plug, secured to keel by a good lanyard or to hull plug fitting by a chain.

(19) One set of rowlocks, and two spare ones (if swivel rowlocks are used), each fitted with a short lanyard.

(20) One set of boat fenders, fitted with lanyards.

20. (1) A tarpaulin and two grapnels fitted with chain or rope are supplied for each boat for use if needed.

(2) When a boat is to be absent from the ship after dark it shall carry a deck lantern ready for use in addition to the boat signal lantern in the boat box.

21. The compass, unless secured in boat, shall habitually be kept in the navigator's storeroom when the boat is not in the water. The remainder of the boat gear shall habitually be kept in the boat. Water in breakers shall be renewed from time to time, to keep it palatable and healthful.

STEAMERS AND MOTOR BOATS.

22. The following articles form the complete equipment of a steamer and a motor boat, and shall be carried at all times except when special circumstances render it undesirable:

(1) Anchor, with chain or line bent and ready for use.

(2) Boat painter.

(3) Stern fast.

(4) Two oars, with rowlocks, or grommets and thole pins. (5) Three boat hooks.

(6) Boat bucket.

Breaker, filled with drinking water (same amount as for pulling boats, art. 19 (10)).

(8) Canvas bag containing a boat ensign and staff, a 2-foot red wigwag flag and staff, one answering pennant and staff, one boatdistinguishing flag and staff, and, in case of a special boat, appropriate flag or pennant and staff.

(9) Boat compass.

(10) Boat box, complete.

(11) Tin box, with cover, for cleaning gear.

(12) Key to boat box.

(13) Puddings or fenders.

(14) Cushions and cushion covers.