1783 it was ceded to the United States, leadership, and he followed his army back and it formed a part of the Northwest to Fort Harrison, where they arrived Oct. Territory. The country conquered by 25. This march of 80 or 90 miles into the General Clarke, in 1778-79, the Virginia Assembly erected into a county, which they called Illinois. It embraced all ter

ritory north of the Ohio claimed as within the limits of Virginia, and ordered 500 men to be raised for its defence. In 1809, when the present boundaries of Indiana were defined, Illinois included Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota, and in 1810 contained more than 12,000 inhabitants.

Indian country had greatly alarmed the Indians, and so did some good. Towards the same region aimed at by General Hopkins another expedition, under Colonel Russell, composed of two small companies of United States regulars, with a small body of mounted militia under Gov. Ninian Edwards (who assumed the chief command), in all 400 men, penetrated deeply into the Indian country, but, hearing nothing of Hopkins, did not venture to attempt much. They fell suddenly upon the principal Kickapoo towns, 20 miles from Lake Peoria, drove the Indians into a swamp, through which they pursued them, sometimes waist-deep in mud, and made them fly in terror across the Illinois River. Some of the pursuers passed over, and brought back canoes with dead Indians in them. Probably fifty had perished. The expedition returned, after an absence of eighteen days, with eighty horses and the dried scalps of several persons who had been killed by the savages, as trophies.

General Hopkins discharged the mutineers and organized another expedition of 1,250 men, composed chiefly of foot-soldiers. Its object was the destruction of Prophetstown. The troops were composed of Kentucky militia, some regulars under On Oct. 14, 1812, Gen. Samuel Hopkins, Capt. Zachary Taylor, a company of ranwith 2,000 mounted Kentucky riflemen, gers, and a company of scouts and spies. crossed the Wabash on an expedition They rendezvoused at Vincennes, and marchagainst the Kickapoo and Peoria Indian ed up the Wabash Valley to Fort Harrison, villages, in the Illinois country, the former Nov. 5, 1812. They did not reach the 80 miles from his starting-place, the latter vicinity of Prophetstown until the 19th. 120 miles. They traversed magnificent Then a detachment fell upon and burned prairies covered with tall grass. The army a Winnebago town of forty houses, 4 was a free-and-easy, undisciplined mob, miles below Prophetstown. The latter and that chafed under restraint. Discontent, a large Kickapoo village near it were also seen at the beginning, soon assumed the forms of complaint and murmuring. Finally, when halting on the fourth day's march, a major rode up to the general and insolently ordered him to march the troops back to Fort Harrison. Very soon afterwards the army was scarcely saved from perishing in the burning grass of a prairie, supposed to have been set on fire by the Indians. The troops would march no farther. Hopkins called for 500 volunteers to follow him into Illinois. Not one responded. They would not submit to his

laid in ashes. The village contained 160 huts, with all the winter provisions of corn and beans, which were totally destroyed. On the 21st a part of the expedition fell into an Indian ambush and lost eighteen men, killed, wounded, and missing. So destitute were the troops, especially the Kentuckians, who were clad in only the remnants of their summer clothing, that the expedition returned without attempting anything more. They suffered dreadfully on their return march.

Among the prominent events of the War

of 1812-15 in that region was the massacre at CHICAGO (q. v.). After that war the population rapidly increased, and on Dec. 3, 1818, Illinois, with its present limits, was admitted into the Union as a State. The census of 1820 showed a population of more than 55,000. THE BLACK HAWK WAR (q. v.) occurred in Illinois in 1832. There the Mormons established themselves in 1840, at Nauvoo (see MORMONS); their founder was slain by a mob at Carthage, in 1844, and soon afterwards a general exodus of this people occurred. A new State constitution was framed in 1847, and in July, 1870, the present constitution was adopted. The Illinois Central Railroad, completed in 1856, has been a source of great material prosperity for the State. During the Civil War Illinois furnished to the national government (to Dec. 1, 1864) 197,364 troops.

In 1899 the equalized valuations of taxable property aggregated $953,099,574; and in 1900 the entire bonded debt consisted of $18,500 in bonds, which had ceased to draw interest and never been presented for payment. The population in 1890 was 3,826,351; in 1900, 4,821,550. See UNITED STATES, ILLINOIS, vol. ix.

TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR.

Their domain was between Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi River. Marquette found some of them (the Peorias and Moingwe

Ninian Edwards.......commissioned....April 24, 1809 nas) near Des Moines, west of the Mis

STATE GOVERNORS.

William L. D. Ewing...acting

Augustus C. French..
Joel A. Matteson.

William H. Bissell.

Richard Yates

John Wood...

..assumes office.

Richard J. Oglesby..

John M. Palmer.

Richard J. Oglesby.

John L. Beveridge..

..acting.

Shelby M. Cullom..

assumes office.

John M. Hamilton.....acting.

1826

1842

1846

1857 .March 18, 1860

1865
1869

sissippi, in 1672; also the Peorias and The 1818 Kaskaskias on the Illinois River. 1822 Tamaroas and Cahokias were on the Mis1830 sissippi. The Jesuits found the chief Il1834 linois town consisting of 8,000 people, in 1838 nearly 400 large cabins, covered with water-proof mats, with, generally, four 1853 fires to a cabin. In 1679 they were badly defeated by the Iroquois, losing about January, 1861 1,300, of whom 900 were prisoners; and they retaliated by assisting the French, 1873 under De la Barré and De Nonville, The Illinois against the Five Nations. were converted to Christianity by Father Marquette and other missionaries, and 1893 in 1700 Chicago, their great chief, visited 1897 France, where he was much caressed. His son, of the same name, maintained great influence in the tribe until his death, in 1754. When Detroit was besieged by the Foxes, in 1712, the Illinois went to its 1830 relief, and in the war that followed they Some of them 1835 suffered severely. 1831 to 1841

15th to 18th 1818 to 1824
15th ** 19th 1818
1824
18th "20th
19th 23d 1826
21st
21st to 27th
24th

1830

1836

were

with the French at Fort Duquesne; but they refused to join Pontiac in his con

spiracy. With the Miamis, they favored casualties. Iloilo at the time of the bom the English in the war of the Revolution, bardment was the seat of the so-called

and joined in the treaty at Greenville in 1795. By the provision of treaties they ceded their lands, and a greater portion of them went to a country west of the Mississippi, within the present limits of Kansas, where they remained until 1867, when they were removed to a reservation of 72,000 acres southwest of the Quapaws. In 1872 the whole Illinois nation had dwindled to forty souls. This tribe, combined with the Weas and Piankeshaws, numbered only 160 in all.

government of the Visayan federation.

Ilpendam, JAN JANSEN VAN, merchant; appointed custom house officer on the Delaware, and put in command of Fort Nassau in 1640 by the Dutch governor of New York. He tried to keep the English colony from trading on the Delaware, and his action in burning trading-houses and taking the traders prisoner involved the governor of New York in difficulty with the government of New Haven. As the result, Ilpendam resigned, but continued to trade with the Indians. He died at Marcus Hook, Pa., in 1685.

Imlay, GILBERT, author; born in New Jersey in 1750; served throughout the Revolutionary War; was the author of A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America; The Emigrants, or the History of an Exiled Family.

Iloilo, the principal city and capital of the island of Panay, and one of the three ports of entry in the Philippine group opened to commerce in 1899. It is situated 225 miles south of Manila, at the southeastern extremity of Panay, and is built on low, marshy ground, the whole of which during a part of the spring is covered with water. The population in 1900 was estimated at over 10,000. On Immigration. When the French doDec. 25, 1898, after General Rios, who minion in America was ended, the causes held the town with 800 Spanish troops, for war dismissed thereby, and the Indian heard that the Philippine Islands were to tribes on the frontiers were quieted, emibe ceded to the United States, instead of gration began to spread westward in New awaiting the arrival of the American England, and also from the middle coloforces, then on the way to take possession nies over the mountains westward. Many of the city, he turned it over to Vincente went from the other colonies into South Guies, the alcade. On the following day Carolina, where immigration was encourthat official surrendered it to 3,000 Fili- aged, because the white people were pino insurgents. When Gen. M. P. Mil- alarmed by the preponderance of the slave ler, of the American army, reached the bay population. Bounties were offered to imon which the city is situated he found migrants, and many Irish and Germans General Lopez with 5,000 Filipinos in settled in the upper districts of that provpossession. The Filipinos would not sur- ince. Enriched by the labor of numerous render without instructions from Agui- slaves, South Carolina was regarded as the naldo, and General Miller made prepara- wealthiest of the colonies. Settlers also tions to take forcible possession, but on a passed into the new province of east Florpetition from the European residents no ida. A body of emigrants from the Roahostile move was made until Feb. 11, 1899, noke settled in west Florida, about Baton when the American commander demanded Rouge; and some Canadians went into the surrender of the city to the authority Louisiana, for they were unwilling to of the United States. After it became evi- live under English rule. A colony of dent that the insurgent-officer in command Greeks from the shores of the Mediterwould not peaceably accede to this de- ranean settled at what is still known as mand, the United States naval vessels the inlet of New Smyrna, in Florida. And Petrel and Baltimore opened fire upon the while these movements were going on city, which was soon evacuated by the in- there were evidences of a rapid advance surgents after being fired. The American in wealth and civilization in the older troops quickly landed and extinguished communities. At that time the population the flames, but not before considerable and production of Maryland, Virginia, damage had been done. During the en- and South Carolina had unprecedented ingagement the Americans suffered crease, and it was called their golden age.

no

portation of Japanese and other laborers under contract to serve monopolistic corporations is a notorious and flagrant violation of the immigration laws. We demand that the federal government shall take cognizance of this menacing evil and repress it under existing laws. We further pledge ourselves to strive for the enactment of more stringent laws for the exclusion of Mongolian and Malayan immigration;" and the Silver Republican party declared: "We are opposed to the importation of Asiatic laborers in competition with American labor, and favor a more rigid enforcement of the laws relating thereto."

Immigration Statistics.

During the

period 1789-1820, when no thorough oversight was exercised, it is estimated that the number of immigrants into the United States aggregated 250,000; and during the period 1820-1900 the aggregate was 19,765,155. The nationality of immigrants in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, was as follows: Austria-Hungary, 114,847; German Empire, 18,507; Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia, 100.135; Norway, 9,575; Sweden, 18,650; Rumania, 6,459; Russian Empire and Finland, 90,787; England, 9,951; Ireland, 35,730; Scotland, 1,792; Wales, 764; Japan, 12,635; Turkey in Asia, 3,962; West Indies, 4,656; all other countries, 20,122; total, 448,572.

Commerce rapidly became more diffused. declaration in its platform: "The imBoston, which almost engrossed trade in navigation, now began to find rivals in New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, and little seaports on the New England coasts; and its progress, which had been arrested by these causes twenty-five years before, stood still twenty-five years longer. The leading political parties in recent years have made almost identical declarations in their national platforms. At the beginning of the campaign of 1896 the Democratic National Convention, which nominated Mr. Bryan, ignored the subjeet; but the Free-Silver wing of the party, in convention in Chicago, declared: “We hold that the most efficient way of protecting American labor is to prevent the importation of foreign pauper labor to compete with it in the home market, and that the value of the home market to our American farmers and artisans is greatly reduced by a vicious monetary system which depresses the prices of their products below the cost of production, and thus deprives them of the means of purchasing the products of our home manufactories; and as labor creates the wealth of the country, we demand the passage of such laws as may be necessary to protect it in all its rights;" and the Republican National Convention declared: "For the protection of the quality of our American citizenship, and of the wages of our workingmen against the fatal competition of low-priced labor, we demand that the immigration laws be thoroughly enforced, and so extended as to exclude from entrance to the United States those who can neither read nor write." In the campaign of 1900 the Democratic National Convention called for the strict enforcement of the Chinese exclusion act and its application to the same classes of all Asiatic races; the Republican National Convention pronounced: "In the further interest of American workmen we favor a more effective restriction of the immigration of cheap labor from foreign lands, the extension of opportunities of education for working children, the raising of the age limit for child labor, the protection of free labor as against contract convict labor, and an effective sys- "Be it enacted, etc., that the followtem of labor insurance;" the People's ing classes of aliens shall be excluded party (Fusion wing) inserted this from admission into the United States,

High-water mark was reached in 1882, when the immigrants numbered 788,992. In 1892 the steady decline was checked, with a total of 623,084. The lowest number of arrivals in the period of 18671900 was 141,857 in 1877, and in the period 1880-1900, 229,299 in 1898.

Immigration Act of 1891.-This measure, "in amendment of the various acts relative to immigration and the importation of aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor," was introduced in the House by Mr. Owen, of Indiana, and referred to the committee on immigration and naturalization. It was reported back, discussed, and amended, and passed the House Feb. 25, 1891, as follows: