TABLE 123.-Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the United States, and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all nonEnglish-speaking races.]

MALE.

Of the 5,992 foreign-born employees for whom information was secured, 56.9 per cent speak English. Of those who have been in the United States under five years, 34.2 per cent speak English. Of those with a residence of from five to nine years and ten years or over, 61.1 per cent in the group first mentioned and 77.2 per cent in the latter group are able to speak English. The Hebrews other than Russian show 59 per cent who can speak English, Russian Hebrews 49 per cent, and Russians 44.1 per cent who can speak English in the group of employees who have been in the United States under five years. In this group only 17.7 per cent each of the North and South Italian employees can speak English. In the group of employees with a residence of from five to nine years, Hebrews other than Russian show the highest percentage and the South Italians the lowest percentage who can speak English. Among employees who have been in the United States ten years or over, the Russians show the highest percentage and the South Italians the lowest percentage who can speak English, and in the totals, irrespective of length of residence, Hebrews other than Russian show the highest percentage and the South Italians the lowest percentage who can speak English. In the groups who have been in the United States under five years, ten years or over, and in the total, irrespective of length of residence, males show a higher percentage than females who can speak English. Among employees with a residence of from five to nine years, a greater proportion of females than of males can speak English.

PART III-CLOTHING MANUFACTURING IN BALTIMORE, MD.

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.

Employees for whom information was secured-Text Table 124 and General Table 70].

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

About 405 households, the heads of which were engaged in the clothing industry, were studied in detail in Baltimore, Md., but the returns secured have been tabulated with those secured from the household study in other localities in the general survey of the industry and have not been separately tabulated for Baltimore. Detailed information, however, was secured for 1,938 employees in Baltimore and is used as the basis for the following statistical survey of the clothing industry in the city. The table submitted below shows, by sex of individual, the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was secured.

TABLE 124.-Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity

and race.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees-Racial classification of employees at the present time-Reasons for the employment of immigrants-Methods used in securing immigrant labor-Effect of employment of immigrants upon former employees [Text Tables 125 and 126 and General Table 71].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

The clothing industry of Baltimore has been a factor in the employment market of the city for nearly forty years. Prior to the year 1870, the making of clothing in the city was carried on in the homes of the operatives upon contracts let out by a few of the larger tailor shops, and in workshops conducted by journeymen tailors, who in all cases operated independently. This system was found impracticable when an expansion of the industry became imperative to meet the trade demands, and about 1870 several farseeing operators undertook to organize the industry of the city along lines which had been adopted in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. It was at that time that machines for cutting were introduced in the North Atlantic States and valuable improvements made on the sewing machines, which had been invented in 1850. Consequently but little difficulty was encountered in introducing what is now termed "factory system. The impetus which the civil war had given to the manufacturer of ready-made clothing was taken advantage of, and by 1905 Baltimore was advanced to fourth rank among the clothing manufacturing cities of the United States.

The development of the industry was undertaken with German operatives almost exclusively. Germans had been employed in the clothing shops since the earliest days of the industry in the city, and to meet the demands for labor created by the expansion of the industry a large number of Germans were induced to immigrate from the northern States and from Europe. This race was almost exclusively employed in the shops during the period from 1870 to 1890. During the past thirty years, however, the heavy immigration from Russia of the Hebrews has brought a new people to Baltimore seeking employment.

No women had been employed in the organized workshops before the coming of the Russian Hebrews, but with the entrance of these people into the industry, and a few years later with the establishment of shops for the manufacture of women's wearing apparel, the employment of women in the clothing manufacturing establishments became general. Women of all races are now employed in the shops of the city. The majority of the Russian Hebrews who came to Baltimore had worked in the clothing shops of Russia and many of them were