PARAGUAY, a republic in South America. President, Don Francisco Solano Lopez, born in 1827; assumed the presidency on September 10, 1862. (For additional information on the constitution of Paraguay, see ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1865.) Area, about 73,000 English square miles; population in 1857, 1,337,431. The army consisted, in 1865, of about 47,000 men; and was estimated in July, 1866, at 60,000. The navy consisted of 11 steamers and 40 armed flatboats. An arsenal was built in Assuncion in 1855, and already eight steamers have been built there. Near the arsenal is a manufactory of arms, and in Ibicuy there is an iron foundery which casts pieces of ordnance. The railroad which is to connect Assuncion with Villa Rica, the chief commercial city in the interior, has been finished as far as Luque.

The treaty of alliance against Paraguay, which, on the 1st of May, 1865, was concluded by the plenipotentiaries of Brazil, the Argentine Republic, and Uruguay, was kept secret until April, 1866, when it became known, to the great annoyance of the allied govern

ments. It is as follows:

The government of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, of his majesty the Emperor of Brazil, and of the Argentine Republic (against the last two of these war has been declared by the government of Paraguay, and the first is in a state of hostilities, having its internal security threatened by the same government of Paraguay, which, after having disturbed its relations with the neighboring governments by the most abusive as well as aggressive acts, has violated its territory, broken solemn treaties, and disregarded the international law of civilized nations by committing acts the most unjustifiable), persuaded that the peace, security, and well-being of their respective nations are impossible while the actual government of Paraguay exists, and that their greatest interests demand, as of imperious necessity, that said government be set aside, without, however, any offence to the sovereignty, independence, and integrity of said republic and its territory, have resolved to enter into a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, in order to obtain the object set forth above, and to this end they have appointed as their plenipotentiaries, to wit: H. E. the Provisional Governor of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay has appointed Dr. Don Carlos de Castro, Secretary of State for Foreign Af fairs; H. M. the Emperor of Brazil has appointed H. E. Dr. Don Octaviano de Almeida Rosa, of his council, Deputy to the general legislative assembly and Official of the Imperial Order of the Rose; his excelency the President of the Argentine Confederation has appointed Dr. Don Rufino de Elizalde, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. After having exchanged their respective credentials, and found them in good and due form, these plenipotentiaries have agreed upon and entered into the following treaty of alliance: ARTICLE 1. The Oriental Republic of Uruguay, his majesty the Emperor of Brazil, and the Argentine Republic, contract an offensive and defensive alliance in the war which has been provoked by the government of Paraguay.

ART. 2. The allies shall use all the means at their disposal, by land or water (literally, rivers), according as may become necessary.

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ART. 3. As hostilities will have to begin on the soil of the Argentine Republic, or on the adjoining borchief and direction of the allied armies shall fall to der of the Paraguayan territory, the command-inthe charge of Brigadier-General Don Bartolome Mitre, President of the Argentine Republic and general-in-chief of its army. The naval forces of the allies shall be under the immediate orders of Vice-Admiral the Viscount de Tamandaré, commanding-in-chief the squadron of his majesty the Emperor of Brazil. The land forces of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, one division of the Argentine troops, and another of Brazilian, to be designated by their respective superior officers, shall form an army to be under the immediate command of Brigadier-General Don Vanancio Flores, Provisional Governor of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. The land forces of his majesty the Emperor of Brazil shall form an army Don Manuel Luis Osorio, its general-in-chief. Alunder the immediate command of Brigadier-General though the high contracting parties are agreed in not changing the theatre of the war's operations, nevertheless, in order to preserve the sovereign rights of the three nations, they now agree to follow mand of the allied army, so as to provide for any the principle of reciprocity as regards the chief comcase which might require the war's operations to be transferred to Oriental or Brazilian territory. regulation as well as pay, etc., of the troops, and the

ARTICLES 4 and 5 refer to the internal order and

mutual settlement of accounts occasioned thereby. ART. 6. The allies solemnly bind themselves not to lay down their arms unless by common consent, nor until they have overturned the actual government of Paraguay; neither shall they separately treat of nor sign any treaty of peace, truce, armistice, or agreement whatever to end or suspend the war, except it be mutually agreed to.

ART. 7. As the war is not waged against the people of Paraguay, but against its government, the allies may admit into a Paraguayan legion all the citizens of that nation who may wish to aid in the overthrow of said government, and will furnish them with whatever they may need in the form and under the conditions that shall be agreed upon.

ART. 8. The allies bind themselves to respect the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Republic of Paraguay. In consequence, the people of Paraguay shall be enabled to choose whatever government and institutions may suit them, without having to submit, as a result of the war, to incorporation with any of the allies or having to accept the protectorate of any of them.

ART. 9. The independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Republic of Paraguay shall, in accordance with the preceding article, be guaranteed collectively by the high contracting parties for the term of five years.

ART. 10. It is agreed between the high contracting parties that the exemptions, privileges or concessions which they may obtain from the government of Paraguay shall be common to them all-gratuitously, should they be so obtained, and upon common conditions should they be gotten conditionally,

ART. 11. After the present government of Paraguay shall have been overthrown, the allies shall proceed to make arrangements with the newly-constituted authority in order to secure the free navigation of the rivers Parana and Paraguay, so that the laws or regulations of said republic may not obstruct, impede, or tax the transit across or navigation along said rivers by the merchants or war-vessels of the allied States bound to points within their respective territories, or within territory which may not belong

to Paraguay; and they shall require proper guaranties to secure the effectiveness of said arrangements, but on condition that said arrangements concerning river policy-whether as regards the aforementioned rivers or the Uruguay as well-shall be drawn up in common accord between the allies and whatever other littoral States may, within the period agreed upon by the allies, accept the invitation that may be extended to them.

ART. 12. The allies reserve to themselves the right of concerting the most suitable measures to guarantee peace with the Republic of Paraguay after the overthrow of its present government.

ART. 13. The allies will, at the proper time, name the plenipotentiaries who shall represent them in conference to make whatever agreements, conventions, or treaties may be necessary with the new gov ernment that shall be established in Paraguay.

ART. 14. The allies shall exact from said government payment for the expenses caused by this wara war which has been forced upon them; and also reparation and indemnification for the injuries and wrong done to their public as well as private property, and to the persons of their citizens previous to any express declaration of war; likewise for the injuries and wrongs caused subsequently in violation of the principles that govern in the laws of war. The Oriental Republic of Uruguay shall, moreover, exact an indemnity proportionate to the injuries and wrongs which the government of Paraguay has done her in this war, into which it compelled her to enter for the defence of her rights threatened by said government. ART. 15 provides for the manner and form of the settlements to be made under the preceding articles. ART. 16. In order to avoid the discussions and wars which arise out of questions relating to territorial boundaries, it is agreed that the allies shall require of the government of Paraguay to make a special treaty with each one to define their respective boundaries on the following bases:

The Argentine Republic shall be separated from the Republic of Paraguay by the rivers Parana and Paraguay, up to the points where said rivers touch Brazilian soil, such point, in the case of the Paraguay River, being on its right bank at the Bahia Negra.

The empire of Brazil shall be separated from the Republic of Paraguay, on the side of the Parana, by the first river above the falls, called the Seven Cataracts, the line running from the mouth of said river along its whole course to its source; according to the new map of Mouchez, said river is the Ygurey. On the left bank of the river Paraguay it shall be separated by the river Apa, from its mouth to its source. In the interior they shall be separated by the Maracayn range of mountains, the eastern slopes of which belong to Brazil and the western to Paraguay, between the two points at which the shortest straight lines can be drawn respectively from the said range to the sources of the Apa and Ygurey.

ART. 17. The allies mutually guarantee to each other the faithful fulfilment of the agreements, conventions, and treaties that may be necessary to make with the government that is to be established in Paraguay, in accordance with the stipulations of the present treaty of alliance, which shall remain in full force and vigor until those stipulations be respected and fulfilled by the Republic of Paraguay. In order to obtain this result they agree that, in case one of the high contracting parties fails to obtain from the government of Paraguay the fulfilment of its agreement, or that the latter government attempt to annul the stipulations agreed to with the allies, the others shall actively use all their efforts to obtain their fulfilment. Should these be useless, the allies shall join together all their means to render effective the stipulations made with them.

ART. 18. This treaty shall remain a secret until the principal object of the alliance be obtained.

ART. 19. Such stipulations of this treaty as do not need legislative ratification, shall commence to

have effect as soon as they shall be approved by the respective governments, and the remainder immediately after the exchange of ratifications, which shall take place within the period of forty days from the date of this treaty, or before, if possible."

In testimony whereof, etc., in the city of Buenos Ayres, the first day of May, in the year of our Lord 1865. C. DE CASTRO,

J. OCTAVIANO DE ALMEIDA ROSA,
RUFINO DE ELIZALDE,

PROTOCOL.

Their excellencies the plenipotentiaries of the Argentine Republic, of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, and of his majesty the Emperor of Brazil, having convened in the office of Foreign Affairs, have agreed:

1. That in execution of the treaty of alliance of this date, the fortifications of Humaita shall be demolished; and it shall not be permitted to erect others of a like nature that might impede the faithful execution of said treaty.

2. That, it being one of the necessary measures to guarantee a peace with the government which shall be established in Paraguay, there be left in Paraguay neither arms nor munitions of war; such as may be found there shall be divided in equal parts among the allies.

3. That the trophies or booty which may be taken from the enemy shall be divided among the allies capturing the same.

That the commander of the allied armies shall concert the measures necessary to carry into effect what is herein stipulated.

And they signed this protocol in Buenos Ayres, on the 1st of May, 1865.

CARLOS DE CASTRO,

J. OCTAVIANO DE ALMEIDA ROSA,
RUFINO DE ELIZALDE.

At the beginning of the year, the allied armies of Brazil, the Argentine Republic, and Uruguay, were mostly concentrated at Paso de la Patria. The iron-clad gunboat Tamandaré, with two small gunboats, were about to leave for Humaita, to reconnoitre that stronghold. hold, and also to make a thorough exploration of the river, in consequence of numberless reports at Buenos Ayres and Montevideo concerning obstructions said to be placed in the Parana river, by order of President Lopez, such as torpedoes, infernal machines, chains, booms, etc.

The estimates of the strength of the allied army differed. According to one account it was as follows: Brazilians, total strength, 30,000: Caceres, Correntino army, 7,000; General Mitre, 7,000; total, 57,000. Argentine, 13,000; General Flores, vanguard,

From later accounts it would seem that the Brazilian force, still close to the bank of the Parana, under General Osorio, mustered 33,000 men. This force was encamped two leagues to the north of Corrientes, at the village of San Cosme. The Argentine consisted of 4,000 men, under General Mitre, at Ensenada, a small place on the Parana, opposite the Paso de la Patria. The Oriental army was composed of one brigade of Brazilians, under Colonel Kelly, and one brigade of Argentines, under General Paunero, and only 1,000 Orientals, the whole commanded by the active and enterprising chief and President Flores. These troops were encamped about five miles to the northeast of San Cosme. On the whole,

this estimate makes out more than 50,000 allies on the banks of the Parana, supported by a fleet of twenty vessels-of-war, including three iron clads.

The accounts of the Paraguayan army were much more indefinite. According to one report, President Lopez was at Humaita, with forces variously estimated. The Paraguayan fleet, consisting of fifteen small steamers and one hundred canoes, was somewhere between Humaita and Tres Bocas. The fortress of Humaita was defended by two hundred guns-some rifled; three chain cables and several infernal machines surrounded with stockades. Small forces were along the Parana, at Ytapiru, Itapua; other detachments at Asmiadu, Coimbra, and Curuniba. The Brazilian fleet, which was anchored at Corrientes, was composed as follows:

Guns. Men.

250 100

4

Beberibe..

6

400

Ipiranga, light guns 7

250

450

Recife (?)..

4

6 400

Brigantine..

4

6 400

Brazil, iron-clad...

Itajahy. Araguary.. On January 31st, a fight took place between the Paraguayans and the Argentines at Paso de la Patria. A force of Paraguayans, numbering about 600 men, crossed over to the Argentine side. These were promptly reënforced till the total number of the invaders amounted to from 3,000 to 5,000. The Argentine General, Hornos, with only a division of cavalry, met the invaders, when a sanguinary conflict ensued. General Hornos was subsequently reënforced by a Buenos Ayrean division, commanded by Colonel Conesa, and after the fight had lasted some hours, the Paraguayans recrossed, leaving several hundred dead and wounded on the field.

On February 10th, the Paraguayans again crossed the river at Paso de la Patria, with 45 canoes, each with 25 men and 6 oarsmen, all under protection of one steamer. They formed on the beach in good order, and attacked the cavalry of General Hornos, which fled before them. A reënforcement came up and drove them back to their boats. The loss was trifing, but the audacity was great. The skirmish lasted six hours, and 5,000 men were engaged.

On February 17th, three steamers appeared, crowded with troops, who landed about one league north of Paso de la Patria, where they found the abandoned tents and huts of the Paraguayans under General Flores. The latter had gone to defend the little town of Ytati from raids. They burned the tents and huts, enjoyed a kind of picnic, and retired unmolested. On February 20th, they made a similar raid, resulting in the same way.

On March 17th, the Brazilian fleet weighed anchor at Corrientes, and entered the Upper Parana, extending the vessels, on the 21st, from Tres Bocas to the Paraguayan fort of Itapicu at Paso de la Patria. The iron-clad Tamandaré

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On March 21st the fleet, under the command of Visconde Tamandaré, took up its position in front of the Paraguayan territory in two divisions; the first opposite the Paso, and the second at the confluence of the Parana and the Paraguay rivers. The Brazilian admiral, knowing nothing of the different channels of the Parana, it was indispensable to reconnoitre the river for some distance above the ford, and the fortress of Itapicu. Accordingly, different expeditions were organized for this purpose; and several of the vessels of war and row-boats went about sounding within short cannon-shot of the fortress of Itapicu, which opened fire, keeping it up incessantly, without eliciting an answer from the Brazilians, as their object then was to obtain information, and not to fight. On the 23d a more extensive reconnoissance was made by the little steamer Cysne, having on board the admiral, General Mitre, and the Brazilian minister, accompanied by two gunboats and the iron-clad Tamandaré. They ran past Itapicu, receiving the whole fire of its battery, without sustaining any damage, going up to the Parana till within a league of Itati, and seven leagues from its junction with the Paraguay river. From March 23d to 27th, there was continual fighting between Paraguayan flatboats and the Brazilian vessels.

On April 5th, the allies occupied an island in front of Itapicu. General Hornos (Argentine) and General Flores (Uruguayan) moved up above Itati to effect a crossing there. Hornos took four Brazilian regiments, two Argentine, and two rifled cannon. The iron-clads covered the passage of the boats carrying the troops, and they also used the shelter of the island. During this time Fort Itapicu kept up a steady fire on all in its range. The Duque de Saxe was hit below the water-line, and filled with water, but was saved. Earthworks were soon thrown

up, and the fire from the fort did the garrison but little harm. On April 10th, a Paraguayan force, under Captain Romero, attempted to recapture the island, but nearly the whole force perished in the attempt. Captain Romero himself was taken prisoner. According to an Argentine account, the losses of the Paraguayans consisted in 800 muskets, 650 corpses on the field, 200 drowned, 30 canoes, much ammunition, and 30 prisoners, including the chief of the expedition. The allies lost 149 men, among them Major Sampalo and Lieutenant-Colonel Cabrita. On the 16th the Brazilians, consisting of about 10,000 men, with the first corps of the Argentines, numbering about 5,000, crossed the river, and landed in Paraguay; not at the Paso de la Patria, as first intended, but at the extreme corner of Paraguay, at the junction of the Parana with the Paraguay River. This movement was made under the command of the Brazilian General Osorio. On making good his footing, the general's first step was to direct a reconnoissance to be made toward the east, in the direction of Itapicu, at the Paso de la Patria. The force detailed for this duty had an encounter with the Paraguayans, who scarcely mustered three battalions. Beaten in this first encounter, the Paraguayans fell back, but rallied at intervals during the day, and each time they were repulsed with greater or less loss. On the 17th the allies again advanced, and having come up with the enemy in the rear of Itapicu, were attacked by them with about 3,500 men, who were entirely routed, leaving about 400 killed; but, as usual, very few wounded and prisoners, two eighty-pounders, and one flag. The fleet contributed largely to the victory, which resulted in the entire demolition of the fortress of Itapicu, and the complete possession of the Paso de la Patria, where the rest of the army, baggage, etc., crossed unopposed on the 20th and the two following days. The Paraguayan camp having been reconnoitred, and it having been ascertained that there were 60 pieces of artillery placed to defend the fortifications, preparations were made to assault it, but on the morning of the 22d flames were seen issuing from it, and on General Netto's cavalry brigade advancing and entering the camp, it was found that the Paraguayans had abandoned it, after removing every thing of value, and setting fire to the buildings inside. Soon, however, it appeared that the Paraguayans had retreated to a better position, where they awaited the attack of the allies.

On May 24, the Paraguayans, some 8,000 strong, advanced on General Flores, and attacked his position. Lopez in person was in command. As the Paraguayans were four to one, the fight was soon decided; some 1,600 men and 31 officers of Flores were soon hors de combat. Flores acted with the greatest bravery, but the weight of the enemy was too great, and the allies had to fall back with great loss. The artillery of Flores was captured, and the allied army was in great danger, when the Brazilian

General Osorio rushed to the aid of Flores with the regiment of the Voluntorios de la Patria, the best Brazilian soldiers in the field, who charged under a cruel fire, and cut through a solid square of the enemy. Flores was thus saved; but the heroic band of Brazilians, which entered the fight several hundred strong, was reduced to 41 men. The Paraguayans finally had to fall back, and in their retreat suffered a ter rible loss. The allies acknowledged a loss of 1,500 men placed hors de combat, while they asserted that the loss of the Paraguayans exceeded 2,000.

One of the greatest battles of the war was fought on the 24th of May in the field of Tuguitz. The Paraguayans commenced the attack with 13,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry, with desperate fury. After four hours and a half of fighting, they were repulsed at every point of the allied lines, which they had attacked in four columns, supported by reserves, with the inten tion of turning the flanks of the enemy. This victory was chiefly due to the Oriental army and two divisions of the Brazilian, together with one regiment of the Argentine contingent, under the immediate command of General Flores, occupying the centre, and to the Brazilian troops on the left, under the command of Marshal Osorio. The right was held by the Argentine army, under General Paunero, with Colonel Rivas leading the van-Generals Emilie, Mitre and Hornos covering it with their respec tive forces. More than 4,200 of the enemy's dead, abandoned on the field in his flight; 870 prisoners, the greater part of whom were wontded; 4 brass pieces of artillery; 5 standards; 3 colors; 12 drums; 15 bugles; 4,700 muskets, more than the third of which were flint-lock pieces; over 400 carbines; 300 sabres; 200 pikes, and 50,000 rounds of ball cartridge, to gether with many other spoils, were captured by the allies in this battle. On the side of the allied armies the total losses amounted to 672 killed, and 2,645 wounded. Of these the Brazilian contingent lost 413 killed, of which 29 were officers-two of them being corps com manders-and 2,090 wounded, of whom 183 were officers, including one general. Of the Argentine troops, 126 were killed, of whom were generals, and 7 officers, 480 were woul ded, including 2 generals and 35 officers. The Oriental troops lost 133 in killed, of whom 12 were officers, and 163 wounded, including officers. The Paraguayans retired to their camp, and the position of the two armies re mained as before. President Lopez, in an official report of the battle, deemed it as a great victory, and represented the losses of the allies as much greater than his own.

On June 14, the Paraguayans made a fierce attack on the allies, and poured a series of and 110-pound shot right into their camp. t noon a rocket went up as a signal, and all alerg their line they opened in full range on the allied tents. At first the firing was a little wild, bet they soon found the range, and in the cours