well as by the larger, and cousinship links the population into a very compact community. One result is a much higher grade of intelligence among the very small farmers than would be expected: noblesse oblige,-to the extent that all feel themselves to belong in a higher social plane than their possessions would indicate, and that they strive to maintain their rightful dignity. The island directory, which contains the names of many who, from the smallness of their holdings, would be called peasants in other parts of Europe, is headed "List of the names and addresses of the Resident Gentry." The ambition of this people to maintain a good position is furthered by their situation and natural circumstances. Their soil is fertile; the sea-weed is abundant, and is a capital manure; the climate is absolutely a perfect one; and they have the best market in the world (Covent Garden) almost at their doors, to say nothing of their own town, which of itself should be able to consume all their staple products. Add to all this the possession of a race of cattle popular throughout the world, and of which the surplus is eagerly bought at high prices, and we shall understand why the position of the Jersey farmer is exceptionally favorable.

Provincial pride always reaches its most stalwart growth in islands, and in Jersey it attains proportions which are perhaps justified by a peculiarly isolated position, and by the tenacity with which old traditions and customs are still preserved. This incentive seconds that of family pride in stimulating the farmer, large or small, to the gathering of worldly gear, for which the soil is his only resource, and there results a thoroughly good agriculture, which has important lessons for us all. "High farming," in a small way, is as well exemplified here as in Belgium. Indeed, when we consider how much greater are the requirements of these farmers than are those of the Belgian peasants, and how comfortably they are supplied, we must confess that petite culture here reaches its best development. . . .

The high farming is not of the sort practised in England, where a large capital is employed, and where everything is done on an extensive scale, but rather that of garden cultivation, where every acre is made to do its very best, and where deep ploughing, heavy manuring, and careful attention produce their greatest effect. It is not to be understood from this that the farms are always neat and trim, and kept polished as if for show. On the contrary, they are very often untidy, and have an ill-kept look about the fence-corners, and tumble-down old thatch-covered stone sheds;

but, as everywhere in this climate, the ivy creeps over all neglected ruin, and decks even the end of an abandoned pigsty with such masses of enchanting green and blossom that one is glad that the business of the fields and stables has left the farmer no time to improve away this wealth of roadside beauty.

In our ruder

climate, decay is more or less hideous; but under these softer skies, when man abandons his works, Nature takes them into her tenderest clasp and blends them with grass and tree until they seem a part of her own handiwork.

There are generally clusters of houses about the parish churches, and at no point is one often out of sight of habitations. Frequently several houses are grouped together, and the whole of the cultivated part of the island is more like a straggling village than like the most thickly settled of our farming neighborhoods. The country-houses are almost invariably built of stone, and the older ones are roofed with thatch or red tiles,-often with a combination of the two,-thatch on the upper part of the roof, and tiles near the eaves. Each place is well provided with outbuildings, such as bake-house, stable, cow-house, sties, sheds, barns, cider-house, store-houses, etc., conveniently arranged, and proportioned to the size of the farm. The fields contain usually from less than one to three acres of land, and are divided by huge banks of earth, often studded with trees. As land increases in value, these are in some cases being levelled, and their place supplied by hedges. Orchards abound, and well they may, for cider forms the chief beverage of the poorer classes, and its importation is forbidden by law. This accounts, too, for the prevalence of the cider-house.

Some of the agricultural customs are peculiar, especially the Vraic Harvest and "La Grande Fouerie." Vraic is sea-weed, and the supply is almost unlimited. Probably more than thirty thousand loads are secured every year. The "vraic venant"that which is washed ashore by the storms-is free to be taken at all times between sunrise and sunset. The "vraic scié" is that which is cut from the rocks, and the harvest is regulated by law or by a hallowed custom. There are two cuttings each year, the first beginning with the first new or full moon after the first day of February, and lasting five weeks, and the second beginning in the middle of June, and terminating absolutely on the last day of August. For the first month of the summer cutting the privilege is confined to the poor, who, however, may take only what they can carry in their arms beyond the line of the spring

tides. The first day of the cutting is a general holiday. Crowds collect about the rocks and cut all they can (using a kind of sickle), throwing it into heaps until the tide turns. It is then, as rapidly as possible, carried beyond the reach of the advancing waters. When the day's work is done, the different groups meet at some house of refreshment and have a dance and a frolic. Some of the vraic is applied directly to the fields and ploughed in, and some is dried for fuel, the abundant ashes remaining being sold at about fourteen cents per bushel for manure.

"La Grande Fouerie," or the great digging, is a custom peculiar to the Channel Islands. It is an application in field culture of the practice of "trenching" common in gardens, that is, of a complete inversion of the soil for a depth of fourteen inches or more, but it is mainly done with ploughs. Neighbors join forces for this work, and make it a sort of "ploughing-bee." The plough is drawn by four, six, or eight horses, according to the depth desired. . . .

Charming though this little island is in every respect, and however engaging to the general tourist, it is only the farmer who can fully appreciate its most celebrated attraction,-—the one which has made it noted throughout the agricultural world. I refer to the beautiful and excellent Jersey cow..

The origin of these cattle is exceedingly obscure. They probably came first from Normandy and Brittany with the early settlers, perhaps a thousand years ago; but their characteristics are quite different from those of the animals of the mainland, and are doubtless an outgrowth of climate, soil, and habit. If we could imagine France to have been the centre from which the cattle spread with the movement of the Gauls to the east and south, and of the Normans to the Channel Islands, we should find a remarkable instance of the development of original characteristics in opposite directions. Throughout Eastern France, Southern Germany, and Northern Italy the cattle are very largely -in some wide districts almost universally-of solid color, with black switches, mealy noses, and rather coarse horns. They are somewhat larger and more beefy than the animals of Western France; and, as even the cows are regularly worked, their product of milk seems to be neither very large nor very rich. In the Channel Islands, while the same general characteristics are to be traced, the question of color has obviously been disregarded, and a large majority of the cattle have more or less white disposed in patches, white switches more often than not, white legs and

feet, finer horns, and much less size and fleshiness; on the other hand, they are, for their size, very large milkers, their milk is of an extreme richness, and their leanness and general want of force are such as might be expected of animals which do no work, not even the comparatively light work of roaming over pastures. [Here follows a careful section upon Jersey cattle, for the benefit of American farmers.]

The typical beauty of this race includes as a prominent feature its constant tendency to vary in its marking. A herd of differently colored Jersey cows, of good breeding and in good condition, may well be thought to furnish the perfection of bovine beauty with which to set off the attractions of ornamental grounds; and, indeed, the marvellous charm of the scenery of the Island of Jersey, where the vegetation of every clime grows in luxuriance, and where the ivy clothes every neglected stump and stone and every mound of earth with its abundant foliage, is emphasized and greatly increased by the beauty and varied coloring of the animals tethered in every field and orchard. . . .

Small though the Island of Jersey is, our two weeks were all too short for more than a glance at the island, with its peculiar manners and customs; but "fresh fields and pastures new" invited us to Guernsey, and with real regret we gave up our little house, with its charming view, transferred our daily drives to our lasting memory, set sail on a summer sea, and saw this charmed land fade into a dreamy blue cloud behind us.

George E. Waring, Jr., was born in Poundridge, Westchester County, New York, July 4, 1833. His boyhood was passed in Stamford, Connecticut, where his father was a manufacturer of agricultural implements, stoves, etc. He was educated in the schools of Stamford and Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He spent a year in the hardware business in New York City, when he was seventeen, and then returned to Stamford and managed a country grist mill for two years, when he became a pupil of Professor Mapes in scientific agriculture. For several winters he lectured before farmers' clubs and other bodies on improved methods of farming. In 1855 he undertook the management of Horace Greeley's famous farm at Chappaqua, NY., and soon afterwards acquired Frederick Law Olmstead's farm on Staten Island. This he soon gave up, having been appointed drainage engineer of Central Park, the improvement of which was being directed by Mr. Olmstead. He had charge of most of the agricultural work at the park until May, 1861, when he was commissioned major of the 39th New York Volunteers and went to Virginia. He became, the next year, colonel of a cavalry regiment in the West, and he was frequently in command of cavalry brigades, often on outpost service. After the war he engaged in coal and oil enterprises, which were unsuccessful: and in 1867 he removed to Newport, Rhode Island, and became a market gardener and florist, and a farmer. He had control of "Ogden Farm" for ten years, during which time he wrote "Ogden Farm Papers" for the "American Agriculturist." He founded the American Jersey Cattle Club, and for many years edited the "Herd Book." He gave up his farming in 1877, and devoted the rest of his life chiefly to sanitary engineering. His work in connection with the sewerage of Ogdensburg, Saratoga, Memphis, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Providence, Columbus, Washington, Omaha and other cities was of great importance; and to most of these enterprises he devoted pamphlets or addresses. In his latest years his thoughts were engaged upon a scheme for the drainage of the great New Jersey flats, between New York and Newark.

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In 1895 he was appointed, by Mayor Strong, Commissioner of Street Cleaning for the City of New York; and his great knowledge, experience, and skill, together with the independence of all demands of party which he courageously maintained, enabled him to reorganize the department, clean the streets of New York, and keep them clean, in a way which made his administration epoch-making in American municipal history. In 1898, soon after his retirement from this office, he went to Havana as special Commissioner of the United States Government to investigate the sanitary condition of the city and devise an adequate system of sanitation. In Havana he contracted the yellow fever, of which he died in New York, October 29, 1898, four days after his arrival home.

Colonel Waring was a prolific writer, and his writings had a wide range. Many of those devoted to sewerage and sanitary engineering are of a technical character, which confines their interest chiefly to the special student; but in this field also he wrote much which commanded public attention and interest. Draining for Profit and Draining for Health," "The Sanitary Drainage of Houses and Towns," and "Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal" are among such writings. His Reports upon the Social Statistics of Cities, prepared for the 10th census (1880) are of high value. His book upon "Street Cleaning and the Disposal of a City's Waste," published after his retirement from the Street Cleaning Department of New York City, is the record of his unique service in that office, treating the subject of the cleanliness of cities both upon its sanitary and moral sides; and this book will remain one of Colonel Waring's chief monuments. To the subject of agriculture he devoted such books as "Elements of Agriculture" and "The Book of the Farm." He translated from the Dutch a valuable work on "Aerial Navigation." "Whip and Spur" is a collection of stories drawn from his war experiences. He devoted a little volume to "Village Improvements and Farm Villages." To the first series of "Half-Moon Papers" on Historic New York he contributed in collaboration with Mr. G. E. Hill a valuable paper on " Old Wells and Water-courses of the Island of Manhattan." "The Tyrol and the Skirt of the Alps" and "A Farmer's Vacation" are interesting records of travel. The latter volume covers experiences in Holland, France, and the Channel Islands, in 1873; and from this is taken the interesting paper on "Old Jersey," reprinted in the present leaflet. It is accompanied in the volume by papers upon Guernsey and Sark; and no American has written more interesting accounts of the Channel Islands. The student interested in the history and life of these islands will like to compare Colonel Waring's account with the works of English and French writers upon the subject, to which reference may be found at the end of the article on the Channel Islands in the Encyclopædia Brittannica and elsewhere. Colonel Waring's paper upon Jersey and its agriculture is a good illustration of the enthusiasm which he felt always and everywhere for everything relating to agriculture. For an account of the remarkable progress in intensive agriculture in Jersey and Guernsey since Colonel Waring wrote in 1873, the student is referred to Kropotkin's "Fields, Factories, and Workshops." To the American, Jersey possesses a special interest in having given name to one of our own States. New Jersey was so named because Sir George Carteret, one of the original English proprietors, was a Jerseyman.