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TREATISE ON ENGLISH PUNCTUATION, designed for Letter Writers, Authors, Printers. and Correctors of the Press; and for the use of Schools and Academies, with an Appendix, containing viations, Hints on the preparation of Copy, rules on the use of Capitals, a list of Abbreand on Proof Reading Specimen of Proofsheet, etc. By John Wilson. $1 6 postpaid. FOWLER AND WELLS. SAMUEL R. WELLS, EDITOR.] NEW YORK, JANUARY, 1866. [VOL. 43.-No. 1. WHOLE No. 325. PORTRAIT, CHARACTER, AND BIOGRAPHY. JOHN BRIGHT is stoutly built, with a broad, deep chest, large lungs, large heart, and all the vital organs fully de- veloped. Though stocky, and with some- thing of the lymphatic in his tempera- ment, he has also the nervous system strongly represented. Observe the prom- inence and pointedness of his nose and his expressive features, backed up by a large, broad brain, indicative of activity and propelling power! The head is considerably above the average in size, exceeding twenty-three inches, and is PORTRAIT OF JOHN and recuperative power. Among the largest organs in his brain are those of Combativeness, Destructiveness, Firm- ness, Conscientiousness, and Benevo- lence. The social group is also decidedly large, exerting a marked influence on his character. Of the intellect, all the or- gans, or nearly all, are large or full. Causality and Comparison, and the per- ceptive faculties are prominent; while is light; eyes blue; hair brown and Though naturally a jovial, mirthful, Constructiveness, Ideality, Sublimity, and Imitation are large. Hence he has inventive, mechanical, and artistic abilities, with powers and capabilities adapting him to any industrial interest or pursuit. He is tasteful, but not fastidious; imitative, but no mimic; mirthful and even witty, but not given to making fun. Ilis religion consists in devotion, regard for sacred subjects, kindness, sympathy for all, integrity, and an active sense of justice, with a good degree of faith, hope, and trust in Providence. He is the opposite of both the cold skeptic and the blind bigot, but will worship intelligently and in accordance with the true Christian spirit. He is not haughty, though confident and self-relying, and is firm and decided, with great perseve rance, love of liberty, fixedness of purpose, and tenacity of will, yet not obstinate. He is sensitive in matters of honor and integrity, though he cares comparatively little for praise or blame, and will play the sycophant to no earthly power. His accountability is to his Maker rather than to men. Cautious, watchful, guarded; prudent, but not timid or irresolute, he is frank, candid, open, and free from concealment. He is a comprehensive and compact thinker; logical and analytical rather than abstract, and a capital critic. He reads character well, and can readily judge the motives of men. is more definite, direct, and even blunt than bland or persuasive. He drives the matter home in a sledge-hammer style, impressing all with his sincerity, if he does not convince. He will not compromise and dally where principles are involved. He has high business capabilities would excel in mercantile life, in law, in authorship, art, mechanism, agriculture, or in statesmanship. BIOGRAPHY. He John Bright, the distinguished commoner, and eminent for his philanthropic views and measures, was born in the year 1811 at Greenbank, near Rochdale, in Lancashire, England. His father, Mr. John Bright, a cotton spinner and manufacturer in that place, and being also a man of some standing and means in the community, gave bis son John a liberal education. Subsequently to an extended course of study he went into the manufacturing business with his brothers, under the firm name of John Bright & Brothers, continuing in the same line with his father. He first came into public notice as a lecturer on Temperance about 1836. Indulgence in ardent spirits was very common at that time among the operatives of the manufacturing districts of England, especially in Lancashire, where cotton and woolen mills are most numerous. Mr. Bright, anxious to improve the moral condition of his own workmen and others, vigorously took in hand the Temperance reform, and pushed it forward with considerable success. In 1838. during the agitation in reference to the "Corn Laws," he took a bold stand as an advocate of the free im portation of bread-stuffs. He joined the AntiCorn Law League, and both as a speaker and writer assisted in vindicating the principles upon which it was founded. In this League he soon became eminent, and was considered one of its most efficient members-indeed, second only to Mr. Cobden, with whom his name was usually associated in all measures for ameliorating the condition of the English working classes. He assisted materially in organizing the bazaars where food was dispensed to the poor in Manchester and London; for the utmost distress prevailed in consequence of the high price of provisions, incident upon the violent agitation of the anti-cornlaw movement. In April, 1843, he, as an independent candidate, contested the representation of the city of Durham in Parliament. The result of the election was unfavorable, but a vacancy occurring in the following July, he was elected. In Parliament he took part, with energy and eloquence, in the exciting discus ns on free trade, which mainly occupied the attention of that body from 1843 to 1845, and he divides with C. P. Villiers, Richard Cobden, and Gen. Thompson the honor of having converted Sir Robert Peel over to the free-trade party, and bringing about the memorable repeal of the heavy duties on the importation of corn, to which the royal assent was given June 26, 1846. His election contests at Durham involved him in heavy expenditures, which are said to have been paid by the League, through the influence of which in 1847, and again in 1852, he was elected to represent the city of Manchester. Being a member of the Society of Friends, and one in good standing, his voice was for peace, when in 1853 the policy of the government was declared to be for war with Russia. He strenuously opposed all warlike measures, and in 1854, as a leading member of the Peace Society which had been organized, sanctioned the sending of the deputation which waited on the Emperor Nicholas at St. Petersburg for the purpose of dissuading him from the war. In this matter, however, Mr. Bright's views differed from those of many of his Manchester constituents, although in most other respects he was approved by them. Il health compelled him to be absent from Parliament during the early session of 1857, and when in March of that year the administration of Viscount Palmerston was defeated by the adoption of a motion offered by Mr. Cobden condemning the war with China, a general election was determined upon. His Manchester friends made him their candidate again, but bis opinion on the China question lost him his seat. He was badly defeated where in years past he felt sure of victory. Subsequently, however, he was returned for a vacancy in Birmingham, and took part in the protracted discussions relative to the Chinese imbroglio, which resulted so disastrously to China, and in the overthrow of the Palmerston cabinet. The peace views of Mr. Bright, though generally adverse to the policy of the government, have invariably found warm response in the hearts of the common people of England. For their benefit he has labored, striving to elevate and improve their moral and intellectual condition by all available means. A warm friend of the United States, during our late civil struggle, in Parliament and before the public, he advocated such measures as would have tended to encourge the United States Government in its efforts to suppress rebellion. The name of John Bright, like that of Richard Cobden, stirs the heart of the American patriot. In him is exemplified that greatness of soul which is not biased by selfish considerations, nor regards only the growth of a single institution, but is earnest in its desire that all men, everywhere, should enjoy the blessings of civil and religious liberty. He has always evinced an ardent in- terest in the affairs of our nation, and in the very outset of the late war his sympathy and political efforts were openly and unmistakably in favor of the Union. Being a manufacturer of cotton goods, be of course, like many others, suffered loss from the scarcity of the staple in 1862 and 1833; but notwithstanding that, his friendship for the United States remained unimpaired, and his activity in providing for the relief of the thousands of Lancashire operatives who were thrown out of employment by the suspension of the mills, commands our highest commendation. He is emphatically the workingman's advocate in England. SNOBBERY REBUKED. ONCE, at a social party, Madam K. Looking, the while, serenely in her face- SYMPATHY.-A little two-year-old girl fell, the other day, and striking her head, cried at the top of her voice. In the midst of her tears she chanced to see from the window a poor old horse with drooping head. Instantly checking her sobs, she asked in the kindest tones, 66 What'ee matter, hossy? Bump 'oo head?'' A PROMINENT bachelor politician on the Kennebec remarked to a lady that soapstone was excellent to keep the feet warm in bed. "Yes," said the young lady, who had been an attentive listener; but some gentleman have an improvement on that which you know nothing about." The bachelor turned pale, and maintained a wistful silence. 6. Physiology. A knowledge of the structure and functions of the human body should guide us in all our investigations of the various phenomena of life.-Cabanis. My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge.-Hosen iv, 6. DRESS AS A CAUSE OF DISEASE. In this age, when dress occupies so much of the attention of society, the influence of costume on the bodily condition becomes an important matter of inquiry. Improper modes of dress, whether excessive or inadequate, are fertile sources of disease, and also aggravate an abnormal state of the system by whatever cause produced. If in our desire to keep the body warm we overload it with layers of thick, closely-woven fabric, and thus promote an undue heat at the surface, the effect is to suppress the action of the excretory glands and prevent a free perspiration. The vitiated matter which is thus retained is reabsorbed by the skin and carried back into the system, rendering the blood impure and deranging the delicate mechanism of the glandular structure. Air and light are absolutely necessary for the healthy activity of the vesicles of the skin, and those articles of clothing which prevent the admission of these two great vital agents are entirely unfit for use. As a free circulation of the blood to all parts of the human body is requisite to the enjoyment of perfect health, so no part of the body should be dressed in such a manner as in the least to obstruct or retard its flow. Tight boots, shoes, or gloves are therefore detrimental. Cold extremities, painful humors, swellings and calosities are generally the results of such ligatures. Insufficient clothing is much worse than too much. The effect of exposure to cold is the immediate contraction of the skin, which suspends the operation of the secretory and excretory organs, and the matter which should be discharged from the system is thrown back into the throat, lungs, or bowels, occasioning those forms of disease which are commonly called "cold," "headache," catarrh," "diarrhea," etc. 66 A change of dress from thick to thin is not beneficial unless accompanied by a corresponding change in climate or temperature. A fashionable lady after wearing a thick high-necked dress all day, will sometimes array herself in some light low-necked attire for an evening party. Such an imprudent change has frequently been followed by a sudden death. Head-coverings at the present day are evidently worn by ladies for display, and not for comfort; and we are not surprised when we hear this or that one complain of "such distress in the head" or "neuralgia." A hat, to afford real protection to the head, should be large enough to cover the greater part of it, and at the same time be comfortably warm, but not so heavy as to fatigue the wearer after half an hour's use. But the most serious feature in the dress of American ladies is tight lacing, a practice most unnatural and therefore most dangerous to health. Does any one doubt the prevalence of this custom, let him consult the fashion plates in any popular ladies' magazine. How many women, servilely obedient to the suggestions of their dressmaker, or else grossly ignorant of the first principles of health, have squeezed themselves to death, the great day of account only will disclose! The record must be appalling, and yet the suicidal work goes on. The compression of the waist hinders, if it does not altogether suspend, the action of the diaphragm, and weakens the muscles of respiration and the power of digestion. The heart, liver, lungs, spleen, and stomach being forced into a space much too small for the proper performance of their respective functions are weakened, and if the compression is continued, become diseased; consumption ensues, and the mistaken devotee of a barbarous fashion sinks swiftly into an early grave. Oh, ye who sigh for the deformity of a waspish shape, consider the faultless contour of that chefd'œuvre of sculpture, the Venus de Medicis, and strive to develop your attenuated bodies into the beautiful proportions of the well-grown woman. Of course the entire dress should be adapted to the climate and season of the year. In climates like that of New York city, where there are sometimes sudden transitions from heat to cold, and from wet to dry, it is hardly safe to dress in a slight manner, except it be in midsummer, when atmospheric changes are least frequent. The most prevailing complaint among people of all classes is rheumatism, a disorder which in every instance is the consequence of exposure to a sudden chill. No clothing of any kind should be worn in a moist state, especially while the person is inactive; and care should be taken that the feet are properly shod, not with "snugly-fitting" boots or shoes of a kid-glove consistency, but enveloped with those that are thick-soled, substantial, and amply large, so that the blood can circulate to the very toe tips, and a comfortably thick stocking can be worn without any sensation of constraint. A custom very much in vogue, if not universal among ladies is, when calling on acquaintances or attending church service, to sit an hour or two in a close room, without laying aside a single article of their out-door clothing. This custom is a most unhealthful one, especially in cold weather. Gentlemen upon going in out of the cold usually lay aside their hats and overcoats, but delicate females will sit in a stifling atmosphere, perspiring beneath furs, mufflers, cloaks, and hats for an hour and a half; and when they go out into the sharp frosty air, it strikes a chill through their heated and semi-humid garments. A sense of propriety or a regard for one's health should prevail over the false and sickly whims of usage, and women should wear such over-garments as can be easily laid aside when going from a cold into a warm atmosphere. The fashion of "high-heeled shoes" is one to be deprecated, because when the heel is raised above the level of the ball of the foot, complete derangement takes place in the muscles of locomotion; the natural balance of the body is thus lost, and the motion and power of the limbs impaired. Besides, the foot is pushed forward into the narrow part of the shoc, rendering the owner liable to the excruciating grievance of corns and other more serious sympathetic affections. "Keep the feet warm and the head cool" is a homely precept. but one which, if judiciously observed, would greatly promote health. Of course we should not infer from this maxim that the head is to be wantonly exposed, but that one should refrain from unduly exciting the brain and nervous system. In the matter of dress, more attention should be given to comfort than to style, and it will be usually found that they who dress neatly, and in conformity with nature's laws are the best dressed, and certainly the most sensibly. WE find the following paragraph afloat as from an army correspondent. "In the army, and among returned soldiers, I have noted one fact somewhat at variance with the usual theories. It is that light haired men of the same type stand campaigns better than blackhaired men. Look at a new regiment on its way to the field, and you will find one half of its members to be of black hair, dark skin, and bilious type. See them when they return, and you will find that the black-haired element has melted away and three fourths of the regiment are represented by brown or flaxen hair.” This is accounted for by the fact that the light-haired men are more likely to have an active state of the liver and digestive system; their circulation is freer, and with these conditions they are better adapted to endure the bilious and malarious influences of the Southern climate. Moreover, the food in the army is calculated to promote, first, constipation, then diarrhea. There is a lack of fruits and vegetables, and men of bilious habit sooner break down, not because they have less strength and hardihood, but because the digestive system and liver, by the influence of the circumstances, fail. Southern people expected that when the Northern army got into New Orleans or into the vicinity of Charleston, S. C., the yellow fever would mow them down by the thousand, and today express surprise that that did not occur. A Northern man, with fair skin, reddish whiskers, and light hair, could go to New Orleans and stand it a year or two without being very liable to the yellow fever even when it prevailed; and when such men contract the disease, three out of four of them would get well, while of Northern men with dark complexions three out of four would be likely to die. People are often surprised when we tell them that they can not safely eat oily food--that they should ignore it altogether. They live in a family or neighborhood where everybody else makes free use of it, apparently without serious detriment. Men of the bilious type and torpid liver should eat much fruit to keep the liver active, and but little oily matter, since that tends to produce a bilious and torpid condition of the liver. It may be a question if all men would not be better for a general course of living such as a man of dark complexion could endure and thrive on; in other words, if an article of diet is calculated to promote ill health in any vigorous and well-organized human being, would it not be better for all to avoid it? Some men can smoke and chew tobacco, and drink alcoholic liquors, and not suffer half so severely as the average of other men; but we do not think that this, therefore, gives them a license to use these things. If men generally are better without them, all doubtless would be. It may be asked, How happens it that the negro, who is of extremely dark complexion, can stand the malaria of the Southern climate? The only reply necessary to this is, that he is a native of a hot climate full of malaria and bilious diseases, and he is organized to endure it. Moreover, the dark complexion of the negro is not of the same character which pertains to white men of bilious temperaments, for some of the blackest negroes have slender frames, and are very active and nervous, the coloring matter being quite independent of the bilious temperament. On Ethnology. True Christianity will gain by every step which is made in the knowledge of man.-Spursheim. HATS AND HEADS. PROFESSOR WILSON, of the Canadian Institute, Toronto, C. W., has lately made trade subservient to science in a somewhat new and very interesting way. Having observed that the hatter in the daily experience of his business transactions necessarily tests the prevalent form and proportions of the human head, especially in its relative length, breadth, and horizontal circumference, and where two or more distinct types abound in his locality he can not fail to become cognizant of the fact, he has availed himself of this circumstance to elicit some valuable ethnological statistics. We copy the more important of them as we find them reported in the Toronto Leader: SCOTCH AND ENGLISH HEADS. One extensive hat manufacturer in Edinburgh states that the Scottish head is decidedly longer, but not so high as the English. In comparison with it the German head appears almost round." But comparing his scale of sizes most in demand, with others furnished to me from Messrs. Christie, the largest hat makers in England, the results indicate the prevalent Scottish size to be 22} inches; four of this being required for every two of the next larger and smaller sizes; whereas, in assorting three dozen for the English trade, Messrs. Christie furnish four of 211, nine of 213, ten of 22, and eight of 228 in. HEADS OF THE CANADIANS. Mr. Rogers, of Toronto, in assorting three dozen, distributes them in the ratio of five, seven, nine, and five to the same predominant sizes, and allows four for the head of 23 inches in circumference, the remainder being in both cases distributed in ones and twos between the largest and smallest sizes, ranging from 233 to 20 inches. BOSTON HATS AND HEADS. The summary of inquiries among the principal hatters of Boston is as follows: " Larger hats are required for New England than for the Southern States. To New Orleans we send 208 to 227; and to New Hampshire 21 to 23 inches." One extensive New England manufacturer adds: "New England heads are long and high; longer and higher than any European heads. British heads are longer than Continental. German and Italian heads are round. Spanish and Italian very small.” We copy under another head some remarks from the same report on the various types of the Canadian head, which will be found worthy of the attention of the ethnologist. UPPER CANADA. Upper Canada is settled by colonists from all parts of the British Islands. In some districts Highland. Irish, German, and Colored" settlements perpetuate distinct ethnical peculiarities, and preserve to some extent the habits and usages, and even the languages of their original homes. But throughout the more densely settled districts and in most of the towns the population presents much the same character as that of the larger towns of England or Scotland, and the surnames form in most cases the only guide to their ethnical classification. LOWER CANADA. In Lower Canada the great mass of the population is of French origin, but derived from different departments of the parent country; of which Quebec is the center of a migration from Normandy, while the district around Montreal was chiefly settled by colonists from Brittany. The French language, laws, religion and customs prevail, preserving many traits of the mother country and its population as they existed remote from the capital of the Grande Monarque, and before the first French revolution. The establishment of the seat of the Provincial government at different times in Montreal and Quebec, and the facilities of intercourse between the two cities, must have helped to mingle the Norman and Breton population in both. Nevertheless, the results of my investigations tend to show that a striking difference is still recognizable in the predominant French head-forms of the two cities. HEADS CLASSIFIED. My first observations, with special reference to the present inquiry, were made at Quebec, in 1863, when, in co-operation with my friend Mr. John Langton, I tested the action of the conformiteur* on heads of various forms, and had an opportunity of examining and comparing nearly four hundred head-patterns of the French and English population. As each of the patterns had the name of the original written upon it, a ready clew was thereby furnished for determining their nationality. Since then, in following out the observations thus instituted, I have carefully examined and classified eleven hundred and four headshapes; including those of two of the principal hatters in Montreal, and of one in Toronto. In These outlines were taken by the conformiteur, and show the shape of different heads where the hat comes in contact with them. OUTLINES OF HEADS. testing their various differentiæ, I have arranged them by correspondence in form; by common origin, as indicated by French, English, Welsh, Highland, Irish, and foreign names; and by predominant malformations in those markedly unsymmetrical. LONG HEADS AND ROUND HEADS. The first noticeable fact in comparing the headforms of the Quebec population was that they were divisible into two very dissimilar types: a long ovoid, and a short, nearly cylindrical one. This is so obvious as to strike the eye at a glance. I accordingly arranged the whole into two groups, determined solely by their forms, without reference to the names; and on applying the latter as a test, the result showed that they had been very nearly classified into French and English. In all, out of nearly a hundred head-forms marked with French names, only nine were not of the short, nearly round form; and no single example of this short type occurred in one hundred and fortyseven head-forms bearing English names. FRENCH TYPES. A more recent examination of patterns from Montreal led to a very different result. There, where out of the first fifty English head-forms I examined, one example of the short, globular type occurred; out of seventy French head-forms (classified by names) only eleven presented the most prevalent French head-type of Quebec. But the French head of the Montreal district, though long, is not the same as the English type. It is shorter, and wider at the parietal protuberances, and with a greater comparative frontal breadth, * An ingenious instrument brought into use in Paris about twenty years since, and now employed by many hatters, on both sides of the Atlantic, for the purpose of determining the form and proportions of the human head, so far as required by them." than what appears to be the Celtic sub-type of the English head, though also including some long heads of the latter form. So far, therefore, it would seem a legitimate inference from the evidence, that the brachycephalic and nearly globular head of the Quebec district is the FrancoNorman type; while the longer French head of the Montreal district is that of Brittany, where the Celtic element predominates. ENGLISH TYPES. But again, amid considerable diversity in minute characteristics, the English heads appear to be divisible into two classes, of which one, characterized by great length, and slight excess of breadth in the parietal as compared with the frontal region, appears to be the Anglo-Saxon head: the other, also long, but marked by a sudden tapering in front of the parietal protuberances, and a narrow, prolonged frontal region, is the insular Celtic type RESULTS ARRIVED AT. Apart, however, from all theory or inductive reasoning, the following facts appear to be indicated in reference to the colonists of Lower Canada: 1st. That the French Canadian head-forms are, as a rule, shorter and relatively broader than the British; 2d. That the former are divisible into two classes, of which the short globular or brachycephalic head occurs chiefly in the Quebec district, settled from Normandy, while the longer type of head predominates in the Montreal district, originally colonized by a population chiefly derived from Brittany and the Department of Charente Inferieure. The mode of investigation thus indicated yields certain definite results, and admits of wide application. A NEW ENGLAND TYPE. Indications of the development of a New England type, or variety of the Anglo-Saxon colonist, have long been noted with interest, and minute data relative to the cranial type of the pure descendants of the earliest settlers would be of great value in their bearing on this subject. So far, however, the diverse forms, still clearly distinguishing the French colonists of the Quebec and Montreal districts of Lower Canada, rather indicate the permanency of the cranial race-forms, and their consequent value as a clew even to minute subdivisions of the same nation, though severed for centuries from the parent stock. VULGARISMS.-Among the latest vulgar abuses of language is that of the French word canard, instead of the English word hoar. We now read regularly that the story, say, of General Jackboots having surprised a party of contrabands and massacred them, is a "canard." Hoax would be English, and, therefore, is not used. If this sort of stuff and nonsense continue, we shall soon be informed by telegraph, for example, that President Johnson mounted his cheval to voir the soldats of the ligne, and was received with cries very eclatants. We ought to know, at least, what language we write. In nineteen cases out of twenty we learn that the rebellion has been crushed out. Why out, any more than in? If you put your foot on a cockroach, you crush him simply, neither out nor in. Crush out is nonsense. am free to confess," said the President to the Italian envoy, the other day. Common expression this. What does it mean? "Free to confess?" Happened in'-vulgar. "Reliable" -a new word, utterly indefensible. Rely is neuter or impassive, and requires on or upon to complete it. Relionable or reliuponable would be logical; but we have trustworthy, veracious, credible, and need no such word as reliable. 66 "I |