THE COLOUR OF LIVERIES (11 S. viii. 190, 295, 357, 472). — Though Fox-Davies's Heraldry' does not give the colour of

The word has nothing to do with the gums, but comes from A.-S. gund, corruption." Davies refers to Latham's 'Dict.,' and also to Halliwell's 'Dict. of Archaic and Pro-liveries of those who have fur in their arms, vincial Words' (s.v. red-gown), and gives instances from Sylvester and Jane Austen's 'Sense and Sensibility,' chap. xxxvii. (=vol. iii. chap. i.). See also Skeat under Redgum.'

7. This passage, too, is given in the Suppl. Engl. Glossary,' and to stool defined

66

as to shoot out." In the E.D.D.' the meaning of the verb is said to be "to shoot out as a tree after being cut down." A. Benoni Evans's 'Leicestershire Words, Phrases, and Proverbs' is quoted to show that a tree or plant is said to stool when two or more stems rise from a root. EDWARD BENSLY.

66

6

CARLYLE QUOTATION (11 S. viii. 406, 472). The eye sees in it what the eye brings means of seeing." Another example of this Occurs in 'Heroes and Hero-Worship (The Hero as Poet'). This seems to be an echo of Goethe's lines from Zahme Xenien,' iai. :Wär' nicht das Auge sonnenhaft, Die Sonne könnt' es nie erblicken; Läg' nicht in uns des Gottes eigne Kraft, Wie könnt' uns Göttliches entzücken! THOMAS FLINT.

New York.

the information will be found at p. xix of the
Introduction to his Armorial Families.'
J. H. RIVETT-CARNAC.

Vevey.

66

GROOM OF THE STOLE (11 S. viii. 466).That "stole "here means in my nonage, and it surprised me to find that stool" was taught Mr. W. J. Thoms did not support the theory in The Book of the Court,' but explained 'stole" as referring to

66

"a narrow vest of the same cloth or tissue as the super-tunic, lined with crimson sarcenet, and formerly embroidered with eagle roses, fleurs de lis, and crowns."

He also, however, quoted from Bishop
Goodman's Court of King James' (vol. i.
P. 390):—

"The Groom of the Stole is an officer which hath
the best diet in the Court drest in the King's own
kitchen, in the best manner; and the King did
usually recommend guests to that table, especially
such as were to be employed in the King's most
private occasions."-Footnotes, pp. 345, 346.
Mr. Thoms's book was published in 1838,
and in speaking of the First Lady of the
Bedchamber's duties he says:-

"This office may be considered somewhat analogous to the lately abolished appointment of Groom of the Stole, who in the Household of the DUNSTABLE LARKS (11 S. viii. 469).King was First Lord of the Bedchamber, and In Dean Swift's days, and long before his virtue of the office had the custody of the long robe wore a gold key as his emblem of office and by the time, Dunstable larks were highly esteemed or vestment, worn by the King on solemn occasions. by epicures by reason of their plumpness ......There is, however, one important difference and savour, and Dunstable and its neigh-between the offices: the Groom of the Stole had bourhood are still noted, though not to the a salary of 2,150/. per annum; the First Lady of the same extent as formerly, for the number of larks that congregate there. I am sorry to have to add that Dunstable larks are, at certain seasons, still on sale at the poulterers' shops in London and elsewhere. F. A. RUSSELL.

116, Arran Road, Catford, S.E. UNCOLLECTED KIPLING ITEMS: PADGETT (11 S. viii. 441, 464, 485).-In MR. YOUNG'S

first list how is the spelling Padgett accounted for- a form which I have recently seen used also in a Daily Mail article In the edition of 'Departmental Ditties published by Messrs. Thacker, Spink & Co. at Calcutta in 1890, which I suppose was the earliest of any, the name is spelt Pagett.

PENRY LEWIS.

Kipling's poem The Rowers' appeared in The Times of 22 Dec., 1902.

A. BRAUND.

(11 S. viii. 370, 417).— Miss Edgeworth wrote a story called 'Barring-out' which, in a disembodied form, still haunts my memory. I think it was with 'Old Poz,' Lazy Lawrence,' and others in a volume entitled Moral Tales.' As late as 1885, and probably later, barring-out the schoolmaster on Shrove Tuesday at eleven o'clock was still practised in some parts of North Yorkshire. The 5th of November was

also a day when such revolt was winked at
by the elders of certain villages, and perhaps
of towns.
ST. SWITHIN.

Again, on p. 371, Mr. Smith says that the house for hogs there." rooks are

66

GREEK TYPOGRAPHY (11 S. viii. 429).— The disuse of contractions began quite a century earlier than the conjectural date of 1840. At hand, on my own shelves, I have the Greek Testament printed by R. Urie at Glasgow in 1750, in the prefatory note to which he says typis usi sumus recentibus," and the only contractions employed are the small common ones for kai and de, and one or two other little words; then in 1794 there is part i. of John Hodgkin's Calligraphia Græca,' engraved by H. Ashby, in which no contraction at all appears; and in 1802 Reeves's Greek Testament. Thenceforward I think it is found that the old characters entirely dis

appear.

W. D. MACRAY.

THE ROAR OF GUNS (9 S. vii. 207, 258, 493; viii. 112; 11 S. viii. 269, 310, 376).William Derham, D.D., F.R.S., Canon of Windsor, &c., details the results of some experiments in sound-waves in his 'PhysicoTheology,' sixth edition, London, 1723, foot-note to p. 133, as follows:

"As to the distance to which Sound may be sent, having some doubt, whether there was any difference between the Northern and Southern parts, by the favour of my learned and illustrious friend Sir Henry Newton, her late Majesty's Envoy at Florence: I procured some experiments to be made for me in Italy. His most Serene Highness the Great Duke, was pleased to order great guns to be fired for this purpose at Florence, and persons were appointed on purpose to observe them at Leghorn, which they compute is no less than 55 miles in a straight line. But notwithstanding the Country between being somewhat hilly and woody, and the wind also was not favouring, only very calm and still, yet the sound was plainly enough heard. And they tell me, that the Leghorn guns are often heard 66 miles off, at Porto Ferraro; that

when the French bombarded Genoa, they heard it
near Leghorn, 90 miles distant; and in the Messina
insurrection, the guns were heard from thence as
far as Augusta and Syracuse, about 100 Italian
miles. These distances being so considerable, give
me reason to suspect, that sounds fly as far, or
nearly as far, in the Southern, as in the Northern
parts of the world, notwithstanding we have a few
instances of sounds reaching farther distances. As
Dr. Hearn tells us of guns fired at Stockholm in
1685, that were heard 180 English miles. And in
the Dutch war, 1672, the guns were heard above
200 miles. Vid. Phil. Trans., No. 113."
FRANK CURRY.

Liverpool.

Mrs. Arbuthnot, the Duke of Wellington's friend, writing to Lady Shelley from Walmer Castle on 2 Oct., 1832, says :—

"We were very much interested about the firing for two days which we heard from the coast of Belgium, and which we thought must be Antwerp. It was very surprising that we should so distinctly hear a cannonade that was at least a hundred miles off."

See The Diary of Frances, Lady Shelley, 1818-73,' vol. ii. p. 219 (London, John Murray, 1913).

T. F. D.

ANDREA FERRARA AND THE FREEMASONS' STATE SWORD OF SHREWSBURY (11 S. viii. 469). This sword was fully illustrated on four separate plates in Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, xxv. 283 (1912), and details concerning it given, as well as at p. 31; from the latter reference, in a paper on 'The Jerusalem Sols' (&c.), by Mr. F. W. Levander, it appears that the sword, presented to the then undivided Masonic province of North Wales and Shropshire in 1861, was quite recently undiscoverable upon inquiry. It has since been figured and described as 66 The stated. Sols came to an end with the eighteenth century, and it is incorrect "is used" as their to say that the sword state sword now.

There is much on the subject of Andrea Ferrara in the class of books of which the late Capt. Richard F. Burton's Book of the Sword may be cited as an example.

W. B. H.

Notes on Books.

Insule Britannica: the British Isles, their Early
Geography, History, and Antiquities. By A. W.
Whatmore. (Elliot Stock.)

THIS is an extraordinary book, written by one who
has studied the sources of British history, and who
is a Gaelic scholar. This enables him to suggest
some most wonderful derivations of Roman and
British names of places.

Such derivations as those suggested for Watling Street (p. 145), the Via Julia (p. 155), and Shrewsbury (p. 163) seem to be wildly improbable; and so are many of the Gaelic derivations given for the names of roads, walls, dykes, tribes, and the numerous towns mentioned in the Itinerary of Antonine, the Ravennas, the Notitia, Nennius, and in inscriptions. These form the bulk of the book (pp. 135-297), though a Gaelic glossary at the end of the volume, and two excellent indexes of ancient and modern names of places, make the book useful and worth having.

But we hardly know what to say about the first 135 pp. Here we have a writer who makes Ulysses go to Iona (p. 4), and says that the story of the Sirens is a play upon the Gaelic word "seirean (p. 5); who disbelieves in the existence of St. Patrick (p. 36), and converts St. Columba into a Circle-god (p. 35); and who can write such a sentence as the following (p. 60) :—

Inferentially Kymry,' either originally or by poetic perversion, had reference to the curious submarine bank, called Adam's Bridge, which runs across Palk Strait from Ceylon to the mainland, and which, leading to the Aii, must have shared with Albionic Aeaea the reputation of being in the path to Hades"!

References to "the incoherent Creed of Athanasias" (sic) and to the early poet "Necham" (sic) should not have been allowed to stand (pp. 69, 155). Whitaker's Almanack, 1914. (Whitaker & Sons.) Whitaker's Peerage, 1914. (Same publishers.) The International Whitaker, 1914. (Same publishers.)

in the seven years. Earlier readers of Whitaker would have been puzzled by finding in the Index under Royal' a Flying Corps, and by discovering, on turning to p. 282, that we had a Naval Wing and a Military Wing, with Flight Commanders and their squadrons; while the reference to wireless telephony would have been equally puzzling.

One always turns with sadness to the obituaries. In the past year the losses to learning have been very heavy: Lord Avebury, Samuel Franklin Cody, Lord Crawford, Sir George Darwin, Prof. Sedgwick, and Prof. Vámbéry, to mention only a few. The publishing trade has lost William Blackwood (many years editor of the magazine which bears his name), Francis Hansard Rivington, Andrew Chatto, and J. W. Arrowsmith. The names under literature include Prof. Dowden, Dr. Hodgkin, W. F. Monypenny (the biographer of Lord Beaconsfield), and W. B. Tegetmeier (forty years editor of The Field). There are two Japanese statesmen: Prince Katsura and Count Hayashi, the latter the first Japanese Ambassador to Great Britain.

During the past year honours have not been distributed so profusely as in the previous year, and the number of pages in the Alphabetical Directory of Whitaker's Peerage' is increased by no more than thirteen. Five new Peerages have been created, including Lord Alverstone's Viscounty, and of these two are for life only. In addition, the Baronies of Latymer and Furnivall have been called out of abeyance. On the other hand, those of Macnaghten (life) and Rendel, and the Viscounties of Llandaff and Tredegar (a Barony remaining in this case), have become extinct. Three Baronetcies have also ceased to exist, Lindsay, Tomlinson, and Vavasour, but sixteen have been added to the roll.

This year there is a valuable addition: "An attempt has been made for the first time to distinguish between those entitled by birth or marriage (including Maids of Honour) to the prefix Hon.' and the increasingly large number of persons who have acquired by public service the right to this distinction, which in their case is now printed in italics." As showing how up to date the work is, we note in the Obituary the name of Sir Robert Ball, who died on the 25th of last month.

The second issue of The International Whitaker' well fulfils the promise given in the first. Whitaker' does not believe in stereotyping, and the accounts of the various countries have been revised in every instance from official sources, and in many cases by Government departments. Among those to whom the Editor is particularly indebted are the Statistical Offices at Vienna, Brussels, Berlin, the Hague, Christiania, Stockholm, Berne, and Washington, and the British and American Embassies and Legations in the various capitals; while the Colonial Offices at Berlin, Paris, the Hague, and Lisbon have most obligingly revised the portions submitted to This shows how accurate and first-hand are the contents.

WE again welcome with hearty New Year greet-
ings the two useful friends of many years
also our one-year-old friend The International,'
young and sturdy, with a promise of a long and
useful life like its grandparents, the elder of whom
celebrates its forty-sixth birthday on New Year's
Day. As is proper, he becomes more portly
with the years. Last year Mr. Lloyd George was
responsible for an increase of weight by his
National Insurance Act, which has been found
by some difficult to digest. This year statistics
dealing with housing and town-planning, in-
creased cost of living, decreased purchasing power
of the sovereign, and other matters, are responsible
for a further increase in bulk. The result of the
Board of Trade inquiry as to food-prices showed
that between 1905 and 1912 the food-purchasing
power of the sovereign decreased by about one-them.'
ninth. Prices vary considerably in different
districts. In the majority of the towns in-
vestigated, the increase in the combined cost of
food and coal of working-class consumption
varied from 10 to 15 per cent. Prices in Ports-
mouth rose only 7 per cent, but at Stockport
the increase amounted to no less than 20 per cent

Who's Who (A. & C. Black) is decidedly one of the most useful of the works of reference which, as a matter of course, arrive with the New Year. The volume for 1914 is-as every one must have foreseen that it would be-by far the bulkiest, as

66

it is also the most expensive, of its line. Very few are the names of notable persons which one may reasonably expect to find here and will search for in vain. Before it takes its stand upon the shelf of reference books, as a mere convenience, it is not unworthy to be treated for a casual hour as a real book. It is rather pleasant to survey so huge and solid a phalanx of individuals who, in one way or another, count-to ascertain by what claims each is of the company-and to observe among them sundry amusing evidences of 'human nature." These last come out most markedly in the entries under Recreation,' where, to mention but two instances we noted, we have a distinguished man, now, we hope, not entirely deprived of leisure, confiding to the world the truly melancholy fact that, from the age of 14 to that of 27 years, he worked eighteen hours a day without any holidays; and a lady whose work attacks the profoundest subjects, opening up to us the illuminating fact that her recreations are "reading, gardening, walking, and talking to cats."

Who's Who Year - Book, 1914-15. (A. & C.
Black.)

of the question in other countries. Miss Marta
Bjornbom is the first woman barrister to practise
in Sweden, she having started in the present year.
The Writers' and Artists' Year-Book. (A. & C.
Black.)
THIS is also edited by Miss Mitton, and compiled
with her usual care, and will be found very helpful.
The work has been enlarged, and includes fresh
and exclusive matter. We do not agree with what
is said about some papers not giving full informa-
tion as to their terms of payment to contributors:
"A large number of papers prefer to use the
vague phrases payment varies,' or payment
according to merit,' instead of stating terms.
It would be well for the amateur to avoid these
papers, and approach in preference those who
state their terms plainly. It is to be noted that,
as a rule, American editors are more definite and
businesslike on this point than British ones."
To have a fixed scale for contributors is impossible
for papers in which special articles are inserted.
Scientific articles or literary articles requiring
research must command a higher price than those
on general subjects, where the information is at
hand.

THE object of this book, first and foremost, is to be a supplement to Who's Who' itself. The Prefatory Note states: "No one who does not spend an extra shilling on the lesser book can reap the full advantage of the greater one.] But those who do not possess the larger work will find this full of information ready to hand. It contains an Alphabetical Index, and the leading Church dignitaries, Government officials, M.P.'s, Ambassadors, Governors of Colonies, &c., can be found at once. There is also a table of Head Masters of Public Schools, and another of University Professors, with the date of their appoint-vantage of the fleet." Dr. Cox writes on Gaird

ment.

As showing the full information given, we quote the reference to Eton College : Head Master, Rev. Hon. E. Lyttelton, situated in Bucks, number of scholars 1,000, founded 1441, average cost of tuition with board 2001. Under University Degrees is a description of the various hoods.

Englishwoman's Year - Book, 1914. (A. & C.
Black.)

no

The Antiquary for December (Elliot Stock) has among its contents the conclusion of Lieut.-Col. Cavenagh's articles on the South Foreland Lighthouses. He states that "the lighthouses built by Sir John Meldrum were probably of timber and plaster, on the top a lantern in which was [sic] stuck a few candles; and the first lighthousekeeper of whom we know the name is Edward Beane, who writes to the Navy Commissioners in 1652-3 that he will observe their orders as to the keeping the lights, as formerly, for the adner's Lollardy and the Reformation in England.' 'Were European Palæoliths sometimes Ground? forms the subject of an illustrated article by cludes his historical investigation on The Popes Dr. Nuttall. The Rev. J. B. McGovern conof Dante's "Divina Commedia."' Govern believes that Dante made puppets of such historical personages as suited his poetical designs. "Hence he had no need of those whom he had consciously omitted; no scruple would have deterred him from conferring additional notoriety upon them had the need existed. And those he did limn upon his mighty canvas he painted with no doubtful colouring, although in some instances the mixing of his pigments was not wrought with that careful adherence to discrimination and truthfulness which literature, equally with painting, demands of a skilful and impartial artist."

Mr. Mc

IN The Imprint for November 27th Mr. J. H. Mason has an article on Type Sizes: No. 1. The Old British Bodies,' many illustrations of specimens being given. Mr. Goodwin writes on

MISS G. E. MITTON, the careful editor of this Year-Book, is quite right in saying that woman who takes any part in Public or Social life can afford to do without it." The plan of the work is excellent, and is so arranged that any subject upon which information is sought can be found at once. Each is treated by an expert, and these number forty-seven, all being women with the exception of the writer of the article 'Catholic Information,' this being by Mgr. Jackman. There are eight sections treating of Education, Professions, and Social Life, and eight devoted to Philanthropic and Social Work. Each subject is fairly treated, although a little anger is Technical Instruction in Printing and the shown under Law with respect to the failure of Costing Educational Campaign,' and the result women to obtain admission to that profession, is given of the competition for a suitable heading and reference is made to the annual meeting of the for the firm of Selfridge & Co. The illustraBar, when Mr. Holford Knight moved a resolutions in the number include three colour retion approving the admission of women to productions by the Curwen Press-' Spring in membership of the Bar: "It was lost by an over- Paris,' drawn and lithographed by the late T. R. whelming majority, only some thirty or forty votes Way; The Great Hall, Hampton Court,' drawn being recorded in its favour. So much for by Ella Coates; and Book to Camden Town,' barristers." The article then shows the position | a figure of a parrot, drawn by S. T. C. Weeks