founded on original documents, and they are illustrated with views and plans, some of which are drawn by the authors, and others reproduced from the stores of the Public Record Office and the manuscript collections at Hatfield. To a Londoner the paper on The Friars as Builders' will, perhaps, appeal most strongly. The writers say with perfect truth that "the modern history of the Tower is a long record of destruction and misguided restoration, and its position has sunk to the level of a show. To the average Londoner it ranks with the Zoo and the waxworks, and he regards a visit to the Tower as one of those childish things which he has long put away." But Fleet Street is the nerve-centre of the country, and makes a daily appeal to every one. History is recorded where history was made. The printing presses of The Times rest almost on the spot where Catherine of Aragon appeared to protest against her divorce before Cardinals Campeggio and Wolsey, while the offices of Punch have succeeded the walls within which the solemn offices of the Church were intoned by the White Friars four hundred years The romantic side of their subject has not been lost sight of by the writers of this valuable contribution to exact antiquarian knowledge, and their information-aided by an adequate Index-is conveyed to the reader with commendable taste and lucidity. ago. Glasgow Cross, with a Suggestion as to the Origin of Scottish Market Crosses. By William George Black. (Glasgow and Edinburgh, William Hodge.) THOSE of our correspondents who have been interested in the notes on the Rolandssäulen which have lately appeared in our columns should be glad to know of this interesting monograph. The Scottish burghal "cross," the writer argues, was not originally an ecclesiastical erection. Adopted as such in later days, and surmounted then by the Christian emblem, it was first the stone of justice, the station or platform of the judge or president of a market. Upon this, or in place of this, he would suggest, there then came to be set up a stone column, the significance of which was religious. These communal stones or pillars after the spread of Christianity in the country had next sometimesbut not invariably-a wooden cross fastened upon them (of which an example is preserved at Kilwinning) later exchanged for the stone carving of a cross either on the stone itself or on a toppiece affixed to it. Before the cross was thus used, and, in many examples, afterwards, the column was often crowned by a ball, or, more characteristically, by a pine-cone; and to this day these columns, misnamed crosses," are numerous in Scotland. 66 England furnishes no examples of the communal stone here intended, but Dr. Black finds their analogue in the well-known Perrons of Liège and other Belgian towns, and in the Rolands- and Erminsäulen of Germany. He here makes very interesting connexion, which, if we follow D'Alviella, would link the Scottish market cross to a the cone found on Etruscan tombs and to the cylindrical altars of Mycenæ. We think, however, that further work along the lines he sketches out will cause Dr. Black to invert the order of the first two stages of development as he has set them down. It is surely more consonant with what is known of cults connected with stones to suppose that the judge or president took up his position by a sacred monolith, raised, for conspicuousness and veneration, upon a platform of stones, than to suppose that a sacred column took the place of a stone which was at first a judgment seat-that is, wherever the two coincided. Dr. Black gives good reason for thinking that the puzzle of the Cross at Glasgow, about the demolition of which, and also its later whereabouts, a double tradition exists, was correctly solved by the conjecture that there were two structures known as "the Cross," the one a Tron stone and the other a Cross pillar, the latter being probably that octagon monolith, 20 feet long, and spangled with golden thistles, which came down so precipitately in 1745 or 1746. Researches in Aryan Philology. By Rev. J. Parry. (Birmingham, Midland Educational Co.) IN philological matters Mr. Parry is a free-thinker, and holds himself unfettered by the laws of linguistic science. Curtius and Fick and Max Müller and Skeat give him no trouble; he is a law unto himself. He therefore does not feel himself bound to give any authority for his amazing verbal equations. A single quotation from his brochure will sufficiently indicate his method : "In Latin ambo is a couple. If we assume original form was gago we readily arrive at it: gago, gango, gnago, gnabo, nabo, anbo, ambo" (p. 16). Goldsmith's method was simpler than this. To prove the identity of the Chinese Ko Ti with Julius Caesar, we have but to change Ko into Julius strange thing is that Mr. Parry was formerly a and Ti into Cæsar, and the thing is done. scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. The Winter's Pie (Offices of The Sphere and The Tatler) is, as all the former Pies have been, a delectable dish. It is certainly not a case of too many cooks, for each contributor adds to its perfection. This causes no surprise, for the names of both authors and artists tell at once the pleasure in store. We offer our hearty congratulations to Mr. Hugh Spottiswoode. May the result be a good addition to the funds of the institutions to be benefited! Notices to Correspondents. ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately, nor can we advise correspondents as to the value of old books and other objects or as to the means of disposing of them. to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-AdverEDITORIAL Communications should be addressed "The Pubtisements and Business Letters to lishers" at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. CORRESPONDENTS who send letters to be forwarded to other contributors should put on the top left-hand corner of their envelopes the number of the page of "N. & Q.' to which their letters refer, so that the contributor may be readily identified. LONDON, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 22, 1913. CONTENTS.-No. 204. NOTES:-Editors of N. & Q.,' 401-The Heruli in 'Wid- NOTES ON BOOKS:-Calendar of Fine Rolls, 1827-37- OBITUARY:-William Prideaux Courtney. Booksellers' Catalogues. Notes. have been yet greater, had he not felt assured that in resigning my 'plumed' sceptre into the hands of Dr. Doran, I entrust it to one who.... will, by his intelligence, courtesy, and good feeling, secure for dear old Notes and Queries the continued allegiance of those kind and intelligent friends who have made it what it is." On Thoms's retirement a banquet was given in his honour, at which Earl Stanhope, who presided, said :— "It was as Editor of Notes and Queries from its foundation that they were now met to do Mr. Thoms honour. The distinguishing merit of that periodical was that it did not pursue its inquiries into any one branch of knowledge, but invited cooperation from labourers in different fields of knowledge in the elucidation of difficulties." The Editorship of Dr. Doran commenced on the 5th of October, 1872, and continued until his death, after a short illness, on Friday, the 25th of January, 1878. James Yeowell, who had been the active sub-editor for Thoms, resigned his position on the change of proprietorship in 1872, and died on the 10th of December, 1875. Thoms, in his tribute to him which appeared in N. & Q.' on the 18th of the month, said he was one who had many friends, but never an enemy." 66 H. F. Turle, who had been assistant to Thoms from the resignation of Yeowell, and afterwards to Doran, succeeded the latter as Editor, but he occupied the chair for only five years and a few months, dying very suddenly on the evening of the 28th of June, 1883. He had been with me on the previous day. On the tablet to his father in the Cloisters at Westminster Abbey it is recorded that the son was Editor of 'N. & Q.' Turle was succeeded by the beloved Joseph Knight, who remained our Editor until his death on the 23rd of June, 1907. He was followed by Mr. Vernon Rendall, who had for some time previously helped him in the conduct of our little paper. Mr. Rendall retired in January, 1912. I feel that I cannot do better than close this record with the words with which EDITORS OF N. & Q.' IN response to a query from MR. J. B. MCGOVERN-who had noticed at 11 S. vii. 105 MR. RALPH THOMAS'S allusion to the late H. F. Turle, "a former Editor of "N. & Q.," and has written desiring information as to our editors-I have, with pleasure, drawn up the following note, although the majority of these particulars have already been given by me in my history of the our Jubilee paper which appeared in number on the 4th of November, 1899. William John Thoms, our founder, was the first Editor. His old-world courtesy Knight closed his address in our Jubilee soon brought to him a large circle of contributors, these including almost every well-known name of the day in literature. The number published on the 28th of We few, we happy few, we band of brothers. September, 1872, closed his Editorship, A band of brothers the writers in Notes and and there, in 'A Parting Note,' he gave Queries have always constituted, and there is, I venture to think, no other periodical in the world expression to the deep pain he felt in separat-in which exist such bonds of sympathy among its ing himself from the pleasant associations contributors, and such cordial support of those in which he had enjoyed for nearly a quarter a position of brief authority.' of a century. The pain, however, would number : "I might almost address my associates and supporters as Henry V. addressed his scanty force at Agincourt : JOHN COLLINS FRANCIS. THE HERULI IN 'WIDSITH.' THE activity of the Heruli in the fifth century was so well known and so widely felt that a list of the Germanic tribes of that period which does not contain their name cannot be regarded as complete. The recognition of this has caused various students of 'Widsith,' who could not find the name of the Heruli in that poem, to endeavour to introduce it either by constructive criticism or by emendation of supposed scribal error. Among these attempts the following are the most prominent : SO I. The Heruli the Harlungs : are Jacob Grimm, 'Geschichte der deutschen Sprache,' 1880, p. 472; Matthaei, Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum, xliii.; 319; but Mr. R. W. Chambers says No ('W.,' p. 31). of East Anglia ; "Elcbertus," Archbishop IV. The emendation of eatule suggested by myself in 'N. & Q.,' u.s., is warranted by II. The Heruli are the Eolas of Wid- four considerations: First, the admitted sith,' 1. 216, the r-stroke having been omitted necessity to find the Heruli in Widsith.' by the scribe. Hence Eorlas: Jacob Secondly, by the instances of t/r confusion Grimm, G. D. S.,' p. 598; Möller, An- in other MSS. which I indicated. Thirdly, zeiger für deutsches Alterthum, xxii. 152, by particular instances from the Exeter 160; Mr. Chambers concurs ( W.,' p. 216). Book itself, which I am about to give. III. The Heruli are the Heathobeards: | And fourthly, by the form of the written Müllenhoff, Beovulf,' pp. 29, 32; Much, word. Paul und Braune's Beiträge, xvii. 201; To take the last case first, we are assured Heinzel, A. für d. A., xvi. 271; Mr. that Eatule Eotol. Mr. Chambers Chambers dissents ('W.,' p. 206). says it is certain (' W.,' p. 211). What we IV. The Heruli are the Earule of Wid- really have is an instance of the illogical sith,' 1. 70, where we get eatule in the MS. identification of resultants: al ol and Cp. ante, p. 261. ul> ol, . . . ul-al! This is quite erroneous. Ital-ia is correctly represented by Eotol in Mercian, and by *Eatol in Northumbrian; but "Eatule has no connexion with Ital-. I said that t/r confusion is rare. Widsith' we get a difficult passage which runs (1. 88)— Of these propositions No. I. is an uncritical guess : the Harlungs were a fifthcentury family, whereas the Heruli appear in history in the third century. No. II. depends upon the statements that we do not know who the Eolas were, that the name cannot be identified, and that it is probably corrupt. See Mr. Chambers's remarks, ad vocem. I have nowhere found warrant for supposing that the great critics of 'Widsith' have either asked themselves wherein the probable corruption lies, or have decided what is the nom. sing. of this dat. pl. form. "Eolum " is dat. pl. of eolh. The h dropped out after 7 in oblique cases, and compensatory lengthening of the breaking ĕo into eo followed. This is quite regular; ep. Wright, O. E. Grammar,' § 337. The form eolh is West Saxon and South Mercian. In Anglian it is elh, elc, or elch, without breaking. If the poem were really Anglian, we ought to find elum in this place. 'Ic was mid Eolum signifies that Widsith visited the descendants of some chief whose name had elh, eolh for its prototheme. Cp. Elewold," King 66 66 In "Ond ic was mid Eormanrice | ealle prage, I þær me Gotena cyning! gode dohte." This is much disputed, and the usual paraphernalia of faultfinding is imposed upon the passage, namely, faulty connexion with what goes before--something presumably lost, something interpolated. Now þær shows t/r confusion. It should be pæt; cp. lucis er pacis, 'Exeter Book,' ed. Gollancz, E.E.T.S., 1895, p. 240. If we read 'Ic was mid Eormanrice ealle prage pæt me Gotena cyning gode dohte," there is no difficulty: "I was with Eormanric all the time that the king of the Gōtas treated me benevolently." When the uncertain temper of Eormanric revealed itself, Widsith left his Court and travelled over the epel Gōtena. 66 The only question left is that connected with the assertion that u in Heruli, Eruli, is inorganic. An Old German *erul- would become *eorul- in West Saxon, and *earulin Anglian. This is what we find in eatule for *earule. The Germanic è is displaced by i in Gothic; v. Wright, Primer of the Gothic Language,' 1899, § 64. This i became broken to e (written ai) before r and h; ibid. § 65. Consequently, we need be at no loss to understand the form handed down by the Byzantine chronographer Georgius Syncellus (c. 800), namely Aipovλot. Procopius (c. 535) wrote "Epovλo, and connected them with Langobards and Gautas. Zosimus (c. 450) connected them with the Toroí, and called them "Epovλo also. Syncellus was describing the operations of the Emperor Gallienus against the Goths and their allies in Greece and Thrace in 267. Mamertinus the panegyrist praises the Emperor Maximianus for his vigour against the Eruli in 289, and gives us an important indication of the position of their homeland-i.e., of Herulia-which Mr. Chambers, though he quotes the context, has not printed. Mamertinus tells us that the Gauls were threatened with ruin, not only by the Burgundiones and the Alemani," sed et Chaviones Erulique, viribus primi barbarorum, locis The ultimi....in has prouincias irruissent. Chaviones are the tribe that the critics of 'Widsith suppose to have been known as 66 'Eowas (the Ewes). The Eruli, who lived farthest east, may well have been allied with the Gautas. Now, all these authors, from Mamertinus in 289 to Syncellus in c. 800, spell the name of the Heruli with u or ου. Moreover, Hydatius Lemicensis (c. 460) tells us of the depredations committed in Cantabria by those "Eruli " who went thither in seven ships in 455. Sidonius Apollinaris (†487) describes them thus: Hic glaucis Herulus genis uagatur, Imos Oceani colens recessus. "The Herul dwelling in the most distant recesses of the ocean recalls the statement made 200 years earlier by Mamertinus, who regarded the Chaviones and the Eruli as the most distant of (Germanic) barbarians in his time. In the poem Widsith appears eastan, of Ongle" (from the East, from Onglia). He is accompanied by the Herulian princess whose people were living "imos oceani recessus," and whom he was escorting "locis ultimi(s) [Germanicis]" into the on the west of the Elbe. "ethel Gōtena ALFRED ANSCOMBE. 30, Albany Road, Stroud Green, N. IRISH FAMILY HISTORIES. (See 11 S. vii. 483; viii. 124, 173, 213, 335.) PART II. Butler Family (Morphew). London, 1716. The History of the Lavallin Family. 1739. Doyen de Killerine (Coleraine). Lille, 1771. The O'Sullivans, by O'Sullivan. 1789. General Memoirs of the Family of Montmorency, by Col. Hervey de Montmorency. Paris, 1817. The History of the Brabazon Family, 1825. Grace Family, an Irish Branch. (In Brewer's The Beauties of Ireland,' London, 1826, chapter on Queen's Co., pp. 117-23.) Genealogie de la Royale et Serenissime Maison de MacCarthy (in Archives Genealogiques et Historiques de la Noblesse de France, Paris, 1836). Historical Account of the Kennedy Family. 1849. The O'Briens, by O'Donoghue. 1860. History of the O'Connors of Connaught, by R. O'Connor. Dublin, 1861. don, 1867. 1868. Eoghan Clan (The O'Moores), by Cronelly. 1864. by G. O'C. Redmond, M.D. Dublin, 1891. 1896. The Barry Family, by Barry. Dublin, 1902. Family in Normandy, Great Britain and Clanna O'Hanluain (The O'Hanlons), Lords of Orior, and Hereditary Standard-Bearers to the Kings of Ulster, by Henry M. J. O'Hanlon. (In Dublin Penny Journal, 1904.) The Savage Family in Ulster, by G. F. SavageArmstrong. London, 1906. The Midland Septs and the Pale: an Account of the Early Septs and Later Settlers in the The Maguire Clan, by Dr. Miller Maguire. (Paper read before the Irish Literary Society, London, 22 Feb., 1911.) The De Burgh Family, by Mr. (Paper read before the Irish London, 30 March, 1911.) Seton. A Hundred Years of Conflict: being some Records The Jezreelites never cut their hair; they of the Services of Six Generals of the Doyle also believed that their founder would live Family, 1756-1856, by A. Doyle, 8vo, 208 pp. | for ever; but he died before the temple was London, Longmans, 1911. finished, and his widow (a Chatham girl. named Esther Rogers) died a few years later. After her death the sect decayed. The O'Danerons of Cahermacnaughton, by Dr. 1912. The History of the Blacker Family of Carrick blacker. Mac Firbiss MS. Book of Irish Pedigrees and The Succession of the Celtic Chiefs, by The O'Morchoe. Dublin. Dublin. The Rise and Fall of the Geraldines (Fitzgeralds), WILLIAM MACARTHUR. 79, Talbot Street, Dublin. JEZREEL'S TOWER. 66 sale grocery and provision store, rented by Afterwards the building became a wholeQueen Esther's " father, Edward Rogers; and in 1906 it passed into the hands of owners who reduced it from six to two floors. It was afterwards occupied by an American Jezreelite, who called himself Prince Michael," and threatened to complete the building of the Tower. "Prince Michael's " real name was Michael Keyfor Mills; his title was opposed by the founder's father-inthe High Court. Early this year the temple law, and Michael was evicted by order of was put up to auction at Tokenhouse Yard, and was withdrawn at 3,900l. When the building is viewed from the Rainham Road, about a mile and a half from Chatham, the hieroglyphic designs on the outside crossed trumpets, crossed swords and lilies are visible. One of the inscriptions reads: This corner stone was laid on the 19th day of by Mrs. Emma Cave, Revelations [sic] 7th 4. The following auctioneer's notice gives a good description of the building :— FOR many years a strange, massive building has formed a conspicuous landmark round Rochester. This is Jezreel's Tower, which after twenty-five years' curious history is now to be converted into a picture hall. The Jezreelites, calling themselves 'The New and Latter House of Israel," were a religious sect founded by James White, a British soldier in a regiment in India, who was addicted to drink and had suffered from sunstroke. One day White announced that he had received a revelation, and having purchased his discharge, he sailed for England and adopted the name of James Jershom Jezreel. He claimed to possess a "flying roll" of the 144,000 people who were to be saved; Christ (they believed) by His death redeemed only souls, and those souls who have lived since Moses. For the salvation of the soul belief in the Gospel was sufficient; the body must be saved by belief in the Law. When Christ comes to reign He will be greeted by the 144,000 (Rev. vii. 5-8), who will be endowed with immortal bodies, and to this chosen band the members of this sect aspired to belong. Having It is also described as "a colossal, unfinished collected various sums of money, White | building, convertible for a brewery, factory, made Gillingham his head-quarters, and commenced to build "Israel's Sanctuary and Assembly Rooms," with accommodation for 5,000 of the elect, who should gather there at the time of the destruction of the world. Massive, unfinished building, known as Jezreel's Tower, designed and erected by a community called the New and Latter House of Israel at a cost of structure, one hundred and twenty feet square by 40,000l. The building is an imposing castellated about one hundred in height, with an elevated tower at each corner, and of the most massive construction. It is situated on the tableland on the object in the landscape for many miles round. The summit of Chatham Hill, and forms a conspicuous interior above the ground floor is arranged for a circular assembly hall to seat 5,000 people, with numerous offices, reception, dining, and bed rooms, kitchen, &c., in the space between the square walls and window sashes have not been completed. The and the circular hall......The dome, roof, flooring, ground floor forms an enormous room occupying the whole of the interior of the building, and was intended for the printing department of the society." or other purposes." Any further particulars will be welcomed. In connexion with picture theatres, it may be interesting to record that the Rochester Corn Exchange, mentioned by Dickens in |