of nature become accessible, therefore all should have free access to land, and to the instruments of production without tribute to landlords and monopolists. That to the immediate relief of the working-class, eight hours a day's work, no child labor, no female labor in occupations detrimental to health or morality, an extension of the common school system, equal pay to both sexes, payment of wages weekly, first lien for workmen's wages, enactment of juster laws for liability of employer to employee, abolishment of contract system in prisons and on public works and tenement-house manufacturing. Have thorough sanitary inspection to secure health of laborers, a non-importation of labor, to enforce existing beneficial labor laws, equal sex citizenship and suffrage, repeal blue laws interfering with interests of labor, and all conspiracy tramp laws, class legislations and privileges; not allow Pinkertons; to have a public ownership in industries involving public franchises or performance of public functions; a direct issue of money, not through the banks; a special tax on unimproved land sufficiently high to compel its surrender to the community; tax incomes over $2000 per annum, graduated to be most heavy on monopolists; demand home rule, and many other " progressive" planks of interest to the labor class.

Progressive People's. A State faction of Missouri, composed of the Middle-of-the-Road Populists in 1900. Advocates that State and county salaries correspond with price of products, denounces both old parties for failure to enact initiative and referendum legislation, for the protection of corporation interests, and censures the Democratic State administration because of its "disregard for paramount interests of the people." Prohibition. See "National Prohibition."

Prohibition Home Protection, in convention at Pittsburg, July 23, 1884, resolved they should thereafter be called the Prohibition Party (q.v.).

Public Ownership. A faction in St. Louis, Missouri, who, in 1901, advocated city control over certain franchises, advancing a candidate for mayor on these premises. The faction advises a State organization of public ownership, whether its activities are national, State, or municipal.

Quids. Applied to the Randolph faction, 1805-1811, on a sectional Virginia political issue, from Quiddling, uncertainty in their actions. A derivation also given is from the Latin phrase, Tertium quid, a "third something," as distinguished from the two powerful parties. They were extreme Democrats.

The expression originated with Pythagoras, who, defining bipeds, said :—
"Sunt bipes homo, et avis, et tertium quid.”

A man is a biped, so is a bird, and a third thing (which shall be nameless).

In chemistry, when two substances chemically unite, the new substance is called tertium quid, as a neutral salt produced by the mixture of an acid and alkali.

Radicals. A Southern sobriquet for Republicans, and used to a great extent during the carpet-bag régime. See "Carpet-baggers" and "Liberal Republicans."

Radical Republicans. A radical faction of the Republican Party, opponents of the administration of Lincoln's first term, as they considered him timid and irresolute, and who wished to deal with rebellion and rebels more harshly. They attempted to forestall the possible renomination of Lincoln for a second term at a convention to be held in Baltimore, June 7, 1864; called a convention to meet at an earlier date at Cleveland, Ohio, May 31, 1864. Frémont nominated, but withdrew September 21, uniting the Republican party on its regular candidates.

Rag Baby. The "Greenback" Party. The "Rag Baby" was a burlesque term for the policy advocated by the "Greenbackers"; an application in ridicule to currency inflation as a panacea for financial ills, and advocated on that ground by a faction, as a matter of surpassing importance.

Readjusters. A division of the Democratic Party in Virginia, formed in 1878 under the leadership of General Mahone, late of the Confederate service. It opposed Democratic ascendency in the State, and favored conditional repudiation of the State debt; a refunding at three per cent.

Red Shirts. A faction of Democrats in North Carolina interested in an anti-negro crusade in 1898, toward the electoral disfranchisement of the negro in the State. The direct cause originated in the strong advocacy of the negro politicians of the State of extended distribution of political offices among the negroes, urged on by a prominent negro publication at Wilmington. The red shirt worn by the horseman was adopted as a uniform for all white men enrolled in the anti-negro measure.

Regulars. A Pennsylvania faction of the Republican Party, the division being known as the Regulars and Irregulars (q.v.).

Relief. A faction in Kentucky who, in 1820-1826, advocated the relief of delinquent debtors. They elected the Governor, and passed a bill to this end in 1824. The bill deemed unconstitutional. The antirelief party regained control in 1826.

Republicans. From the French, républicain, from the Latin respublica; res, "an affair," publicus, publica, "of or pertaining to the people, common to all."

The outcome of the Anti-Federalists, 1796. When the Bill of Rights to recognize the equality of all men and their rights "to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" had been incorporated in and attached to the Constitution as Amendments, the Anti-Federalists amalgamated with a section of the Federalists, and at the suggestion of the party leader, Jefferson, it became known as the Republican Party, Jefferson promulgating

this name as he thought the name Anti-Federalists was inappropriate, the original cause of the name having become lost as the party principles were more directly the opposers of Federal party measures.

The name Republican suggested to Jefferson through his being an ardent, enthusiastic friend of the French Revolution and its republican principles, and maintained until 1826, when, as representing the name of a political party, disappeared into Democrat (q.v.).

During the administration of Pierce, the great anti-slavery movement was particularly strong in Wisconsin, and in the spring of 1854 a movement was started in Ripon, Fond-du-Lac County, toward organizing a new party. The meeting was composed of Free Soilers, Whigs, and Democrats; a Whig, Mr. Alvin E. Bovay, proposing the name Republican as the designation of the new party. The first official sanction the new name received was at the first convention of the new party at Jackson, Michigan, July 6, 1854, the first convention that referred to itself as the Republican Party. Congress recognized the name in 1855.

The first Republican National Convention met in Philadelphia, June 17, 1856. There was no organization. See" Anti-Nebraska."

The Republicans have twice been a strong party politic; the original looked upon the Union as a democracy-persons, not States; the modern Republicans contemplated the Union as a Republic of itself, believing in its existence as a nation-republic.

In 1859 the modern adaptation was called into an existence solely to resist the encroachments of slavery upon the free territory of the Union and the free States, that there should be an entire prohibition of the "twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery," that negro slavery must remain and be protected where it was. In the Republican platform the attempt of John Brown was denounced as "lawless and unjustifiable," denying the authority of Congress, of a Territorial legislature, or of any individuals to "give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States," affirming the principles of the Constitution of the United States as essential to the preservation of the republican institutions, and that the rights of the States should be held inviolate, and especially that "the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depends."

In 1876 it demanded a vigorous Southern policy, and arraigned its opponents (Democrats) as seeking to perpetuate sectional strife. See "Abolitionists," 64 Anti-Federalists," "Black Republicans," "Democrats," "Radical Republicans," " Mugwumps," "Gold Bugs," 66. Carpetbaggers," "National (1797)."

In connection with the name Republican as a great party name, there occurs a coincidence worthy of note: the "Republican Supremacy" of

each party extended over a connected space of twenty-four years - 1801 to 1825, and 1861 to 1885.

The Federalist, Whig, and Republican parties are the only ones that have ever succeeded in defeating the Democratic Party in a national election.

The Federalist Party was in existence just thirty-six years, was succeeded by the Whig Party, which maintained a national organization for thirty-six years, that, in turn, was followed by the Republican Party, which in 1892 celebrated its thirty-sixth year.

The Republican Party was in its origin merely a party of opposition. Its chosen designation had but a negative signification, for it was adopted rather to bring an accusation of monarchical tendencies against the party in power, than to embody a political programme of its own. "It came into the possession of the government," says Stanwood, "without a plan or a promise." Its adversaries applied to the members of the party at that time the terms "Jacobins" and "Democrats." See "Democrat."

Cartoon emblem, the elephant; introduced in Harper's Weekly, November, 1874, by the caricaturist, Thomas Nast, to represent the Republican vote, because that vote was timid and unmanageable. In December, for the same reason, he applied the elephant to the party. Sam. A nickname of the American or Know-nothing Party; current from 1854 to 1860. Given as referring to their cant about Uncle Sam.

Sand Lot, or the W. P. C., "Workingman's Party of California." Originated in San Francisco, in 1877, with Denis Kearney, Secretary of the "Workingman's Trade and Labor Union." The name, "Sand Lot," applied from a large, open space, covered with sand, on the west side of the city, where the meetings were held on Sunday afternoons to cheer denunciations of corporations, monopolists, and the rich generally, and to express their hatred of the Chinese, who were willing to take half the ordinary wages paid the white laborer. It became quite a factor in California politics, the creed being designated as "Kearneyism."

Scalawags. Applied to Southern-born men, native white Republicans, who had braved the social ostracism that followed their nonconformity to the formula that "this is a white man's government," and for the purpose of obtaining political office followed the same plan as "Carpetbaggers" (q.v.).

Scalawag: slang word, meaning a compound of loafer, blackguard, and scamp.

Silver Grays. Applied to the conservative portion of the Whigs of New York, who supported the administration of President Fillmore and regarded the slavery question settled by the compromise of 1850. A convention of the administration held September 27, 1850, at Syracuse, to secure a vindication of the President's policy, etc. It resulted in an emphatic majority against the administration, whereupon Mr. Granger and several other administration men left the convention, and as many of them were elderly and gray-haired, upon the remark of one of the "stay-ins," "There go the silver-gray !" the expression became a sobriquet.

Silver Republicans. Seceders of the Republicans, who left that party in 1896 because of the abandonment of its traditional policy of bimetallism.

It was organized at Manitou, Colorado, in July, 1896, holding a national convention at St. Louis. The only American political party that never ran a ticket of its own for any office, in any State, they allied with the Democrats in some States, with Populists in others, and with Democrats and Populists in other States, disbanding in 1900, except in the States of Colorado and Nevada.

Slight-revision. See "State (1776-1777)."

Small-state. See "State (1776-1777)."

Snappers. A section of the Democratic Party in New York State that called the regular State Convention for election of delegates to Chicago Convention, by assembling at Albany, New York, in 1892. It stood solid for David B. Hill, and became the anti-Cleveland nominating element supported by Tammany (q.v.).

They were designated "snappers" by the Cleveland adherents because of the arbitrary exercise of the power in the State committee in calling the State convention some months earlier than usual -a "snap" convention. This was done to insure the selection of Hill men and to avoid any chance for converting any of them to the cause of Cleveland. See "Antisnappers."

Snap: "vigor, energy, briskness, life," "quick and to the point."

Snow-flakes. A Missouri-ism given to the political faction that favored the gradual emancipation of the negro. The term being a sarcastic reference to black men. See "White-legs."

Snuff-takers. See "Silver Grays," "Woolly Heads."

Social Democracy. A faction organized in Chicago, in June, 1898, its principles being transplanted from its birthplace, Germany. One of its other strongholds at its introduction was Texas, it being otherwise supported by the Populist element of the Democratic Party receiving impetus from the Nationalist movement.

Its ultimate aim is, collective ownership, to be at war with capitalists, but not capital; it recognizes trades-union movements, advising the workman he can only attain ends through political means - a point radically different from the Socialist Labor Party; welcomes trusts as the beginning of a movement that will make it easier for governments to assume control of monopolies. It declares it enters as a national supporter upon a declaration for collective ownership. See "United Socialists," "Nationalists."

Socialistic Labor. A communistic order, originating in 1888, to secure every citizen in the enjoyment of his right "to life, liberty, and