use in the design. Some may dominate a view and offer a protected and shaded place from which the view may be enjoyed. Such shelters were called gazebos in the Dutch and English gardens. Some shelters may be so arranged that it would be convenient to serve tea or other refreshment in them. This is likely to be an incidental function on a private place, but in public parks structures are often built primarily for this purpose. Some structures offer a shaded passageway from one part of the design to another. This is more particularly the function of the pergola, although in our modern parlance almost any structure that has an open vine-clad roof goes by this name. Some structures may be built to protect or shelter a small object of importance. We build shelters, for instance, over springs, or memorials of some historic event, or as protection for some piece of sculpture. In our private estates, and very commonly as well in parks, the ostensible fitting of a structure to any of these uses is often merely a method of giving it an apparent function and so making it seem more necessary and therefore more desirable and important in the design. In many cases, however, the primary reason for the building of one of these structures is that the designer feels the esthetic need of an architectural object in that particular place in the composition. It may repeat the architectural effect of the main building and so mark the limit of the defined or formalized portion of the scheme; for instance, a shelter may terminate a vista or allée cut through woods; it may lie on the farther side of an informal open space, but, being on the continuation of the main axis of the building, it may make more apparent the axial relation of the open space to the main structure. (See Drawing XXXI, opp. p. 268.) Frequently these structures may be connected with the walls of a garden or other inclosed area, either marking an important point, usually an axial point, in this wall, or perhaps giving solidity to a corner. In larger schemes, the pleasure structure may dominate its own subordinate portion of the design, standing for instance at the intersection of two allées in a bosquet, or in a naturalistic park dominating its own little glade in the woods. Fundamentally these structures are serving three purposes: they mark out and strengthen the man-made scheme, of which, in a private estate, the house is the focus; they unify the scheme by repetition of the effect of the dominant architectural Terraces mass; and they may serve as they are fitted to serve — being architectural and so necessarily interesting objects - as dominant units in their own subordinate compositions. (See Drawing XXV, opp. p. 196.) Where some actual or apparent use of the pleasure structure is the first consideration — shelter or shade, for instance and where no considerable architectural effect is desired, as often in a naturalistic design, the shelter may be made very much a part of its wilder surroundings. (See Drawing XXVI, opposite.) The roof may be thatched, the supporting posts left rough, or even with the bark on; the whole structure may be covered and concealed with vines. A greater departure from architectural form is permissible in such shelters, because they have an unimportant and somewhat temporary look, and a lightness of imaginative touch is not out of place in their design; to some extent this is true too of more architectural forms. Many of the latticework shelters of the French gardens are frankly stage scenery or at any rate flights of irresponsible fancy, and, in their place, they are for that very reason a needed factor in the formal design as a whole. In his articulation of the area-units of a formal scheme, the terrace offers to the landscape designer opportunities of arrangement provided by no other form. It is in itself a definite and segregated unit, but it is segregated without being entirely inclosed. Its retaining wall or bank is a boundary between it and the adjacent area, but from its greater elevation the terrace commands a view over at least the adjacent area and perhaps much farther afield. A terrace is in its effect an architectural object of simple shape, and is particularly fitted to serve as a base to structures of still greater architectural interest. Accordingly a terrace often serves as a base for a building, and as an outdoor area dominating a view. It should normally have a definite boundary on all sides. If the terrace runs completely around a building, or, what is much more commonly the case and more usually desirable, if it stops against a projecting wing or wall, it is thus given completeness of form. The proportions of a terrace on which a building stands will usually be determined by the three functions which we have mentioned. Its surface will be proportioned to the mass of the building, and to such uses as are actually made of it, as parterre, or tea-terrace, or whatever else. Its width will further be fixed by how |