DATES, CHARTERS, AND CUSTOMS OF THE MIDDLE AGES, &c. &c. BOOK IV. GLOSSARY. [The Initials D, E, G, L, T, V, refer to the Kalendars in Vol. I. and the Figures which follow them refer to the pages.] ABACUC.-With Marius, &c. Jan. 19. E. 449. ABDON & SENNEN.-July 30. G. 410. V. 428 T. 441. E. 455. Abitis.-Obits in old Eng. and Scot. See Anniversary Days. "3 Kal. Persian Abreu, Abrien.-April. "Le mois d'Abrieu." N. Fr. Roman. &c. Absolutionis Dies.-Day of Absolution (Holy Thursday) which precedes Good Friday: "In ipso absolutionis die, qui est ante parasceven.""-Chron. Camerac. l. iii, c. 74. The power of absolution, from oaths at least, seems to have been claimed in 750, when it was decreed, that an oath set against the interest of the church was not tenable: "Juramentum contra ecclesiasticam utilitatem non tenet" (Decretal. l. xi, t. 24, c. 27). By a canon of Edgar, in 967, the bishop is directed to administer absolution to all the people assembled together, on Thursday before Easter (Spelm. Concil., t. I, p. 461). Hence, among us, this day was called Schir, Shere, and Shear Thursday. In the reign of Charlemagne, and in that of Louis, absolution was by petition and judicial: " May God put away all thy sins, and deliver thee from all evil" (Bib. Patr.) Henry I. of England, having a reluctance to break his promise, was thus assured by P. Calixtus: "I am Pope, and will absolve you from your promise." In consequence of a papal dispensation to nullify his father's will, which Henry II. had sworn to execute, the king robbed his brother of his inheritance (Eadmer, V. 126; Innet, Orig. Brit., 306, 344). VOL. II. B 120524 See Cana Domini; Dies Mandati; Dies Viridi; Jeudi Saint; Maundy Thursday, &c. ACACIUS.-See ACHACIUS. Accensio Lunæ.-The first illumination of the new moon in each month In a MS. kal. at St. Germaine's of the 10th century: "Luna Januarii media nocte accenditur; Luna Febr. inter mediam noctem et galli cantum accenditur, &c."-Du Cange, i, 75. ACHACIUS and Companions.—June 22, Achacii sociorumque ejus : interpolated with St. Alban (p. 427). This was Acacius, an officer under Adrian : there were also of this name a mart. under Decius, and a bp. of Antioch in 250, otherwise called Achates, and sometimes Agathangelus ;-his day, March 31. ACHILLEUS. With Nereus, &c., May 12. V. 426; T. 438; E. 453. A. D.-An abbreviation of Anno Domini most commonly; but the same letters are also used for ante diem. In the latter case, they have sometimes been mistaken for the preposition ad, particularly by ignorant transcribers of manuscripts of the higher ages, who have written, for instance, ad IV. kalendas, instead of ante diem quartam kalendarum. ADACTUS, ADAUCTUS.-T. 442; E. 456. See FELIX and AUDACTUS. ADFRID, Pr. Conf.-Oct. 26, L. 470. This is the day of King Alfred, who seems here to have been mistaken for a priest and confessor. See ÆLFRED rex obiit (hic.) Adnuntiatio Sanctæ MARIÆ Virginis.-March 25: V. 424; T. 437. See Annunciatio Dominica. ADOMARUS.-See AUDOMARUS. Adorate Dominum.-The introit from Ps. 96 ("Adorate Dominum omnes angeli ejus"): and name of the third Sunday after Epiphany. Adoratio Crucis.-See Cross, Adoration of; Dominica de adoranda Cruce. Adoratio Magorum.-The adoration of the wise men from the East: a name of the Epiphany. ADRIANUS, Miles.-March 4, G. 401, where miles seems to be synonimous with martyr: S'ce Adrianer dropung þær æpelan peper.-Jul., A. X. Others of this name, and their days were: 1, abbot, 710, Jan. 9; 2, priest, 7th cent., April 1; 3, with Eubulus, March 5; 4, Oct. 12: G. 415. And the following: "6 id. ADRIANI martyris, Festum.-Sept. 8: V. 430; T. 443; E. 457. (Sept.) Natalis Sancti Adriani, et Nativitas Sanctæ Mariæ."-Kal. Arr. 826. He was martyred in 306, and his day in the Greek church is Aug. 26. Adsumptio Beatæ MARIA.-The Assumption of the V. Mary, which see Ad te levavi.-Introit from Ps. 24 ("Ad te levavi animam meam"); and name of the first Sunday of Advent. Advent; Advent Sunday; Adventus; Adventus Domini.-The four weeks preceding Christmas, devoted by the church to preparation for the advent of Christ, were commonly called Adventus Domini: "Erat autem hiems, et dominici natalis solemnis expectatio, quæ Adventus Domini dicitur."-Gulielm. Neubrig. Hist., l. v. c. 17. For the same reason they are named Nati Adventus, in the Benedictional of St. Ethelwold. In a more restricted sense, the word Adventus was employed to denote the day of the nativity; and the time immediately preceding that day was called Ante Nativitatem, or Ante Natale Domini. This custom obtained more particularly among the A. Saxons.-Archæol, v. xxiv, p. 50. Some authors pretend that Advent was instituted by the Apostles.-Durand. Rat. Div. Off., l. iv, c. 2; Pol. Verg. l. vi, c. 8, p. 377. To this account of its origin Hildebrand objects, because the Apostles observed only the festivals of Easter, Pentecost, and the Nativity; and he adds that Maximus Taurinensis, in 450, has a homily on Advent, whence it appears that, if he also wrote the titles of his homilies, the festival has been celebrated from the 5th century.-De Diebus Sanctis, p. 11. Others say that it was first observed in 423; and others, again, in 433. What cannot be controverted is, that St. Ephraim, who died in 378, has a sermon on the dominical Advent (Oper., per Ger. Vossium; Antv. 1619); and that it is the subject of a sermon by Chrysostom, in 407 (Oper. t. v, hom. 137). The first council of Maçon, in 581, instituted a fast in Advent thrice a week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, from the feast of St. Martin to Christmas, excluding the Saturdays, because it was not usual, at this period, to keep the seventh day a fast except in Lent. Hence it appears, as well as from the Ambrosian Missal, that Advent formerly contained six Sundays.- Du Cange, t. i, c 169. In fact Martinus Sacerdos says, in Observat. de Ritu Ambros. "Inde incipit officium de Adventu Domini, cujus sex dominicæ assignantur."-Mabillon, Iter. Ital., t. II, p. ii, p. 107. And Pinius notices this number of Sundays as a peculiarity in the Mozarabic ritual.—Tract. de Antiq. Liturg. Hispan.; Antv. 1740. We learn from the Capitularia Caroli Magni, that, in the ninth century, there was a fast of forty days at Advent, which, though not enforced by canons, had become a law of custom. Amalarius, however, who lived in the same age, testifies that this fast was observed by the rigidly pious only, and not in all churches.-Moreri, t. I. A. p. 752. On account of this fast, Advent was often called Quadragesima S. Martini; and, when the time of fasting was contracted within the present limits of Advent, Quadragesima Parva; La Petite Carême, or little Lent. The retrograde computation of time, which prevailed among the ancient Romans and primitive Christians, was retained for nearly six centuries in counting the Sundays of Advent, and that which fell nearest to the Nativity, and which of course was at the end of the period of Advent, was called its first Sunday, while the most distant from the Nativity, or that which fell nearest to the feast of St. Martin, was the sixth Sunday of Advent. In the year 1000, according to Du Cange, the rule was established, by which the commencement of this festival was fixed to be the Sunday on or nearest to the feast of St. Andrew, or, as it is better expressed in the Portiforium Sarisburiense, edit. 1528-the first Sunday after the feast of St. Linus is the first Sunday of Advent. But the following rule, from Bed. Argument. Lun. Oper. t. I, p. 205, belongs to the 8th century; it is contained in the Saxon MS. from which the Kal., v. I, p. 434, is copied: Quicumque Aduentum Domini celebrare desiderat, videat ne ante quinta Kal. Decembris, nec post III. nonas ipsius mensis transeat; sed in his septem diebus ubicunque Dominicus Dies aduenerit illac sine dubio et sine errore celebrare ualebit."-Fo. 25, b. The words Primus Adventus Domini (p. 432, 459) and Ultimus Adventus (p. 433, 460), the first and last days of Advent, define the space within which the first Sunday must fall, according to the dominical letter of the year. Advent Sunday commences the liturgic year of the churches of Rome and England: "Adventus tempus, quod dominicæ Nativitatis memoriam antecedit, ideoque nuncupatur, quia totus ordo ejus ecclesiasticus ordo, juxta contemplationem Adventus Domini dispositus est."-Rupert. de Div. Off., l. iii, c. 1. Our ancestors shewed great reverence and devotion at this time (says Jacob), in regard to the approach of the solemn festival [the Nativity]; for in adventu domini, nulla assisa debet capi.'"-Inter Placit. de temp. Reg. Joh., Ebor. 126. But the Stat. Westm. 1, c. 48, ordained that, notwithstanding the usual solemnity of time and rest, it should be lawful in respect of justice and charity, which ought at all times to be regarded, to take assizes of Novel Disseisin, Mort d'Ancestre, &c. in the time of Advent, Septuagesima, and Lent. This is also one of the seasons, from the beginning of which to the end of the octaves of the Epiphany, the solemnization of marriages is forbidden without special license, as we may find from the old verses: Conjugium Adventus prohibet; Hilarique relaxet; Septuagena vetat, sed Pascha Octava reducit; Law Dict. v. Advent. An old translation of these verses is given in Termes de la Ley, p. 26, as follows: "Advent all marriage forbids, Hilary's feast to nuptials tends; The time for celebrating marriages prohibited by the Council of Trent is not so much curtailed; it is from the first Sunday of Advent to the Epiphany, and from Ash Wednesday to the octave of Easter, inclusively (Corso delle Stelle, p. 15; Torino, 1777). Among the Greeks, some begin Advent from Nov. 15, others from Dec. 6, and a third body from Dec. 20. So, at Constantinople, some made an Advent of forty days, some of three weeks, and others reduced it to a single week.-Moreri, t. I. A. p. 752. Adventus Domini sometimes occurs as a date; in the annals of Norwich, the cathedral of that city is said to have been rebuilt, "anno 1278, dominica prima Adventus Domini” (Anglia Sacra, t. i, p, 401); on the first Sunday of our Lord's Advent, which was Nov. 27 in 1278. Advent was also used for the whole period; Osbern, bishop of Sarum, died innon Aduent (within Advent).-Chron. Sax., an. 1019. The table of moveable feasts in the Common Prayer Book exhibits Advent Sunday according to Easter; but they are not otherwise connected than by the Dominical Letters. Adventus. Sometimes Advent signifies the translation of a saint or martyr; but in the Chron. Sax., an. 903, it seems to mean the first removal. this year was consecrated the new minster, on Pinceartɲe. 7 s. Iudocer cyme" (at Winchester and St. Judoc's advent); which Dr. Ingram, mistaking it for the day of consecration, translates," at Winchester on St. Judoc's advent." The meaning, however, is, that the consecration of the minster and the translation of the saiut occurred at the same time; and it appears from the Peterborough Catalogue of Relics, that St. Judoc and St. Grimbald "In |