Remedies for the enforcement of contracts may be changed if a complete remedy is left. Tennessee v. Sneed, 96 U. S. 69; Curtis v. Whitney, 13 Wall. 68; Terry v. Anderson, 95 U. S. 628; Connecticut Ins. Co. v. Cushman, 108 U. S. 51; Denny v. Bennett, 128 U. S. 489.

States may enact limitation laws, and may shorten the time for bringing suits. Terry r. Anderson, 95 U. S. 628; Wheeler v. Jackson, 137 U. S. 245.

Laws providing that property sold on judgments founded on contracts shall sell for a certain amount of the appraised value, impairs the obligation of contracts. Bronson. Kinzie, 1 How. 311; McCracken v. Hayward, 2 How. 608.

Exemption laws that deprives persons of liens on property impair the obligation of contracts. Gunn v. Barry, 15 Wall. 610.

Statutes that give time for redeeming lands sold under foreclosure of mortgages, can not apply to mortgages executed prior to passage of statutes. Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 How. 311; Howard v. Bugbee, 24 How. 461; Scobey v. Gibson, 17 Ind. 572. Imprisonment for debt may be abolished. Penniman's Case, 103 U. S. 714. When States have power to amend charters of corporations, statutes exempting corporations from taxation may be repealed, and other changes in the charters may be made. Tomlinson v. Jessup, 15 Wall. 454; Miller v. State, id. 478.

The inhibition as to impairing contracts does not extend to subjects affecting public health or morals. Stone v. Mississippi, 101 U. S. 814; Butchers Union Co. v. Crescent City Co., 111 U. S. 746.

The Confederate States could not enact laws for the confiscation of debts owing by the citizens of such States to citizens of loyal States. Williams v. Bruffy, 96 U. S. 176. The act of the Legislature of this State of 1852 providing for the sale of the property of county seminaries, is unconstitutional as impairing the obligation of contracts. Edwards v. Jagers, 19 Ind. 407.

Sales of lands under school fund mortgages should be in accordance with the law in force at the time of the execution of the mortgage. Hopkins v. Jones, 22 Ind. 310. See Webb v. Moore, 25 id. 4; Jones v. Hopkins, 26 id. 450.

Statutes creating liens may be repealed and the liens divested. Marion Co. v. Sleeth, 53 Ind. 35.

If the contract of a corporation is ultra vires, legislation in conflict therewith does not impair the obligation of a contract. City of New Orleans v. N. O. Water Works Co., 142 U. S. 79.

States may by statute reduce the rate of interest upon judgments previously obtained. Morley v. Lake Shore, etc., Co., 146 U. S. 162.

BILLS OF ATTAINDER.-Laws enacted relieving persons from liability for acts done under authority of the United States or the Confederate States, are not bills of attainder. Drehman v. Stifle, 8 Wall. 595.

A bill of attainder is a legislative act which inflicts punishment without a judicial trial. If the punishment be less than death, the act is termed a bill of pains and penalties. Cummings v. State of Missouri, 4 Wall. 277; Ex parte Garland, id. 333.

States can not, under the form of creating a qualification or attaching a condition, inflict punishment for a past act which was not punishable at the time committed. Cummings v. State of Missouri, 4 Wall. 277; Ex parte Garland, id. 333.

Bills of credit.-To constitute a bill of credit it must be issued by the State, involve the faith of the State, and be designed to circulate as money. Briscoe v. Bank, 11 Pet. 257.

Certificates issued by a State in various sums, receivable for State, county and town dues, and for which the funds of the State are pledged, are bills of credit. Craig r. State of Missouri, 4 Pet. 410; Byrne v. State of Missouri, 8 Pet. 40.

If a State owns all the stock of a bank and the State is pledged for the redemption of the bills issued, such bills are not bills of credit. Darrington v. State Bank, 13 How. 12; Briscoe v. State Bank, 11 Pet. 257.

Interest coupons of bonds issued by a State are not bills of credit because such coupons are receivable for debts due the State. Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 U. S. 270. EX POST FACTO LAWS.-States can not in any form inflict punishment or deprive a person of a right for a past act which was not punishable at the time the act was committed. Cummings v. Missouri, 4 Wall. 277; Ex parte Garland, id. 333; Pierce v. Carskaden, 16 Wall. 234; Jaehne v. New York, 128 U. S. 189.

Laws can not be passed after the commission of an act which adds to the punishment for the act, or which alters the situation of the accused to his disadvantage. Medley, Petitioner, 134 U. S. 160.

Laws setting aside judgments or decrees and granting new hearings, with a right of appeal, are not ex post facto laws. Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386.

Statutes enlarging the class of persons who may testify as to the commission of acts previously committed, are not ex post facto laws. Hopt v. People, 110 U. S. 574.

Nor are laws fixing or changing the place of trial of criminal actions. Gut v. State, 9 Wall. 35; Cook v. United States, 138 U. S. 157.

Every retrospective act is not necessarily an ex post facto law. Locke v. New Orleans, 4 Wall. 172.

Retrospective laws that do not impair the obligation of contracts, and are not ex post facto laws, are valid. Satterlee v. Matthewson, 2 Pet. 380.

Laws may be passed validating invalid deeds or contracts. Pet. 88; Satterlee v. Matthewson, 2 Pet. 380.

Watson v. Mercer, 8

A statute may be void as to past acts, and valid as to future ones. Jaehne v. New York, 128 U. S. 189.

IMPOSTS AND DUTIES.-The word "import" means articles imported from foreign countries and not articles imported from one State into another. Woodruff v. Parham, 8 Wall. 123; Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S. 622.

An excise laid upon tobacco before removal from the factory is not a duty on "exports," though the tobacco is intended for exportation. Turpin v. Burgess, 117 U. S. 504.

States can not levy a tax on exported articles. Almy v. State of California, 24 How. 169.

DUTY OF TONNAGE.-Vessels entering a port of a State can not be required to pay to the State a percentage on their tonnage. State Tonnage Tax Cases, 12 Wall. 204; Peete v. Morgan, 19 Wall. 581; Inman Co. v. Tinker, 94 U. S. 238.

11. (11.) The President.-1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: But no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

The Congress may determine the time for choosing the electors, and

the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.

Under the second clause of this article the States have exclusive power to determine the manner of appointing electors of President and Vice-President, and a State may be divided into districts, and electors appointed from each district by the voters thereof; but Congress has the power to determine the time of the appointment of electors, and when they shall meet. McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U. S. 1.

12. (12.) Commander-in-Chief.-2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States. He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

13. (13.) Messages to Congress.-3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

14. (14.) Impeachment.-4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

15. (15.) Judicial power.-1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

Congress can not confer any original jurisdiction on the Supreme Court. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch, 137.

The Supreme Court has no jurisdiction of purely political questions. State of Georgia v. Stanton, 6 Wall. 50.

16. (16.) Its extent.-2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to

law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Congress has power to determine in what cases and in what manner the courts of the United States shall exercise jurisdiction in controversies between citizens of different States. Gaines v. Fuentes, 92 U. S. 10.

During the civil war the military authorities had power to create judicial tribunals for the trial of civil actions in the insurgent States. Merchants' Bank v. Union Bank, 22 Wall. 276.

During the civil war military tribunals could not try citizens of the loyal States on a charge of treason. Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 2.

The provisions of the United States Constitution as to the place of trial of persons charged with crime, relates only to the Federal courts. Nashville R. W. Co. v. Alabama, 128 U. S. 96.

An absolute agreement not to remove a cause from a State court to a court of the United States is void. Insurance Co. v. Morse, 20 Wall. 445; Doyle v. Insurance Co., 94 U. S. 535.

If a rule either at common law or in equity issues out of the Supreme Court of the United States against a State, it should be served upon the Chief Magistrate and Attorney General of the State. Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Dennison, 24 How. 66.

17. (17.) Treason.-3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

SEC.

ARTICLE 4.-THE STATES AND TERRITORIES.

18. Effect of acts.
19. Privileges of citizens.

SEC.

20. Admission of States.

21. Republican government guarantied.

18. (18.) Effect of acts.-1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; and the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

The public acts of every State shall be given the same effect by the courts of another State that they have by law or usage at home. Courts of the United States take notice of the laws of each State. Chicago R. R. Co. v. Wiggins Co., 119 U. S. 615.

If the record of a court of general jurisdiction shows that the defendant was personally served with process, or an appearance to the action, he can not controvert the fact in the courts of another State. Westcott v. Brown, 13 Ind. 83; Kingman v. Paulson, 126 id. 507.