which they arise, 70-1; why higher in North America, than in England, 71-2);
are low in countries that are stationary, 73; not oppressively low in Great Britain,
75-6; a distinction made here between the wages in summer and in winter, 76;
if sufficient in dear years, they must be ample in seasons of plenty, ib.; different
rates of, in different places, 76-7; liberal wages encourage industry and propa-
gation, 83; an advance of, necessarily raises the price of many commodities,
88; an average of, not easily ascertained, 89; [continually increasing since the
time of Henry VIII., 91; higher in North American and West Indian colonies
than in England, 94; do not sink with profits there, ib.; very low in a country
which could advance no further, 96;] the operation of high wages and high
profits compared, 99; causes of the variations of, in different employments,
101[-44]; are generally higher in new, than in old trades, 116, 136; legal regula-
tions of, destroy industry and ingenuity, 143; [high, a cause of high prices, 147.]
[Merchants complain of high, but say nothing about profits, ii. 100; reduced
by the colonial monopoly, 111;] natural effect of a direct tax upon, 348[-51,
355; connexion of, with price of provisions, 348.]
[Wales, stone quarries afford no rent, i. 163; old families common, 389; mountains
destined to be breeding ground of Great Britain, 425.]
Walpole, Sir Robert, his excise scheme defended, ii. 370.
Wants of mankind, how supplied through the operation of labour, i. 24; how ex-
tended, in proportion to their supply, 164; the far greater part of them supplied
from the produce of other men's labour, 258.
Wars, foreign, the funds for the maintenance of, in the present century, have little
dependence on the quantity of gold and silver in a nation, i. 407-8; [expences
abroad defrayed by export of commodities, 408-12.]
How supported by a nation of hunters, ii. 186; by a nation of shepherds, ib.;
by a nation of husbandmen, 188; men of military age, what proportion they
bear to the whole society, 189; feudal wars, how supported, ib.; causes which
in the advanced state of society, rendered it impossible for those who took the
field, to maintain themselves, 189-90; how the art of war became a distinct
profession, 191; distinction between the militia and regular forces, 193; altera-
tion in the art of war produced by the invention of fire-arms, 193-4, 201; im-
portance of discipline, 195; Macedonian army, 196; Carthaginian army, 196-7;
Roman army, 197; feudal armies, 199; a well-regulated standing army, the
only defence of a civilized country, and the only means for speedily civilizing
a barbarous country, 200; the want of parsimony during peace, imposes on states
the necessity of contracting debts to carry on war, 394, 405; why war is agree-
able to those who live secure from the immediate calamities of it, 405; advantages
of raising the supplies for, within the year, 411; [popularity of, and how it might
be removed, ib.]
[Warwick, the Earl of, his hospitality, i. 384.]
Watch movements, great reduction in the prices of, owing to mechanical improve-
ments, i. 242.
[Waterworks a business suitable for a joint-stock company, ii. 246, 247, 248.]
Wealth, [real, the annual produce, i. 4, 237, 240, 320, 328-9, 417; national, re-
presented by one system of political œconomy as consisting in the abundance
of gold and silver, 237; land the most important and durable part of, 240;
real, 247, 248; that of England much increased since 1660, 326;] and money,
synonymous terms, in popular language, 396, 415; [ii. 57;] Spanish and Tartarian
estimate of, compared, 396; [wealth of a neighbouring nation advantageous in
trade, 458; accumulated produce, ii. 192; makes a nation obnoxious to attack,
ib. ;] the great authority conferred by the possession of, 204.
Weavers, the profits of, why necessarily greater than those of spinners, i. 53.
[Weigh and pay, maxim of the port of London, ii. 104.]
[Western Islands, wages in, i. 78.]
West Indies, [sugar currency, i. 25; planters farm their own estates, 55; wages higher
than in England, 94; British acquisitions in, raised profits, 95; sugar colonies
resemble esteemed vineyards, 157; interest fallen since the discovery of, 336;
carrying trade between, and Europe, 353; would have progressed less rapidly
if no capital but their own had been employed in the export trade, 359; slavery
harsher than in medieval Europe, 363; high profits of sugar and consequent
greater number of slaves in sugar colonies, 365; importation of gold and silver
from the Spanish, 403; expense of last war largely laid out in, 408.]
[British monopoly in sugar of, ii. 2; Madeira wine imported directly, 4;
interest which caused settlements in, 58; no necessity for settlements, 60;]
discovered by Columbus, 61; how they obtained this name, 62; the original
native productions of, ib.; the thirst of gold the object of all the Spanish enter-
prizes there, 64; and of those of every other European nation, 66; [plenty of
good land, 68, 73;] the remoteness of, greatly in favour of the European colonies
there, 69; [Dutch originally under an exclusive company, 72; St. Domingo the
most important of the sugar colonies, 73; price of European goods enormous
in Spanish, 77; some most important productions non-enumerated, 78; freedom
of trade with British American colonies, 82;] the sugar colonies of France
better governed than those of Britain, 87-8; [effects of colonial monopoly, 102;
returns of trade with, more irregular and uncertain than with any part of Europe,
103; expense of preventing smuggling, 115; proposal for obtaining war con-
tributions from, 120; natives not benefited by the European discovery of, 125;
gum senega treated like an enumerated commodity from, 156; colonial system
sacrifices consumer to producer, 159; slave trade a loss to the African Com-
pany, 234; French and Portuguese companies ruined by slave trade, 236; South
Sea Company's trade to the Spanish, ib.; some productions of, yield large
portion of British customs revenue, 367; more able to pay land-tax than Great
Britain, 420.]
[Westminster land-tax, ii. 307, 334.]
[Westminster Hall, Rufus' dining-room, i. 383.]
[Westmorland, price of coal in, i. 168.]
[Whitehall, palace of, land-tax, ii. 307.]
[William Rufus dined in Westminster Hall, i. 383.]
[William III. unable to refuse anything to the country gentlemen, i. 197.]
[Wilton, ornament to England, i. 330.]
Window tax in Britain, how rated, ii. 330; tends to reduce house-rent, 331.
Windsor market, chronological table of the prices of corn at, i. 255-7.
Wine, the cheapness of, would be a cause of sobriety, i. 456; the carrying trade in,
encouraged by English statutes, ii. 3; [cellar, a public, a source of revenue to
Hamburg, 302-3; licences to sell, 337; tax on, paid by consumers, 361; ton-
nage on, 363; foreign article commonly used in Great Britain, 367; Walpole's
scheme for levying the tax on, 370; duty on, falls on middle and upper ranks,
ib.]
[Witchcraft, fear of, compared to that of engrossing and forestalling, ii. 35.]
[Wolverhampton, manufactures of, not within the statute of apprenticeship, i. 122;
manufactures grown up naturally, 381.]
[Women's education contains nothing fantastical, ii. 266.]
Wood, the price of, rises in proportion as a country is cultivated, i. 166; the growth
of young trees prevented by cattle, ib.; when the planting of trees becomes a
profitable employment, 167.
[Woodcocks could not be much increased, i. 217.]
Wool, the produce of rude countries, commonly carried to a distant market, i. 228;
the price of, in England, has fallen considerably since the time of Edward III.,
230; causes of this diminution in price, ib.; the price of, considerably reduced
in Scotland, by the union with England, 234.
Severity of the laws against the exportation of, ii. 146-7; restraints upon the
inland commerce of, 148; restraints upon the coasting trade of, 149; pleas on
which these restraints are founded, 149-50; the price of wool depressed by these
regulations, 150; the exportation of, ought to be allowed, subject to a duty, 152.
Woollen cloth, the present prices of, compared with those at the close of the fifteenth
century, i. 243; three mechanical improvements introduced in the manufacture
of, 245; [in ancient Rome much higher in price than now, ii. 182.]
[Yeomanry, superior position of the English, i. 367, 370.]
[Yorkshire, woollen manufacture, i. 86; cloth fallen in price, 243, 244; small paper
currencies, 306, 309; Scotch wool manufactured there, 345.]
[Young men's generosity to their teachers, ii. 253, 264.]
[Zama, battle of, ii. 197.]
[Zealand, French wine smuggled from, i. 439; expense of protecting from the sea,
[Zeno of Citta, the Portico assigned to, ii. 263.]
[Zeno of Elea, travelled from place to place, ii. 263.]
[Zurich, the reformation in, ii, 291; tax on revenue assessed by the contributor, 335;
moderate tax, 336.]
[Zwinglius, ii. 293.]
This index contains the names of authorities referred to in the editor's notes as well
as in the author's notes and the text.
Abulgasi, Histoire généalogique des Tatars, traduite du manuscript Tartare D'Abul-
gasi Bayadur-chan, etc., par D., Leyden, 1726, i. 389.
Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, 1822, i. 184; ii. 294.
America, The Present State of Great Britain and North America with regard to
Agriculture, Population, Trade and Manufactures, 1767, i. 72.
Anderson, Adam, Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce,
1704, i. 245, 280, 305, 429, 439, 451; ii. 81, 83, 87, 143, 150, 156, 223, 226, 227,
232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 247, 248, 401, 402, 406, 408.
Anderson, James, Selectus diplomatum et numismatum Scotiae thesaurus, ed. Thos.
Ruddiman, 1739, i. 184, 212, 280, 281.
Arbuthnot, Dr. John, Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures, 2nd ed., 1754,
i. 134, 135; ii. 183, 354.
Aristotle, Politics, i. 27, 364; ii. 262.
Arts et Métiers, Description des, faites ou approuvées par Messieurs de l'Académie
Royale des Sciences, 1761-88, i. 128.
Ayr Bank, see Douglas, Heron and Co.
Bacon, Matthew, New Abridgement of the Law, 1768, i. 122, 367.
Baretti, Joseph, Journey from London to Genoa, through England, Portugal, Spain
and France, 1770, ii. 48.
Bazinghen, M. Abot de, Traité des Monnoies et de la jurisdiction de la Cour des
Monnoies en forme de dictionnaire, 1764, ii. 53.
Beaumont, Moreau de, Mémoires concernant les Impositions et Droits en Europe,
1768, ii. 303, 305, 315, 319, 320, 330, 334, 335, 339, 343, 344, 345, 350, 353, 359,
383.
Bell, John, of Antermony, Travels from St. Petersburg in Russia to Diverse Parts
of Asia, Glasgow, 1763, ii. 178.
Bergeron, N., Voyages faits principalement en Asie dans les xii., xiii., xiv., et xv.
siècles, 1735, i. 397.
Berkeley, Dr. George, Bishop of Cloyne, Querist, 1752, i. 80, 82.
Bernier, François, Voyages, 1710, ii, 221.
Birch, Thos., D.D., The Life of Henry, Prince of Wales, 1760, i. 152.
Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 1765-9, i. 37, 232, 367.
Bolts, William, Considerations on India Affairs, particularly respecting the present
state of Bengal and its Dependencies, 1772, ii. 139.
Borlase, William, Natural History of Cornwall, 1758, i. 169, 170, 171.
Bouchaud, Mathieu Antoine, De l'impôt du Vingtième sur les successions et de l'impôt
sur les marchandises chez les Romains; recherches historiques, etc., 1772, ii. 343.
Brady, Robert, Historical Treatise of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, 1711, i. 372.
British Merchant, 1721, see King, Charles.
Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, 1755, i. 225; ii. 62.
Burman, De vectigalibus populi Romani dissertatio (in Utriusque thesauri antiqui-
tatum Romanarum graecarumque nova supplementa, congesta ab J. Poleno,
1737), ii. 343.
Burn, Richard, Ecclesiastical Law, 1763, i. 132.
Justice of the Peace, 1764, i. 124, 138, 141.
History of the Poor-laws, 1764, i. 79, 140, 141, 143.
Byron, Hon. John, Narrative of the Hon. John Byron, containing an Account of the
Great Distresses suffered by himself and his companions on the Coast of Pata-
gonia from 1740 to 1746, 1768, i. 186.
Cantillon, Richard, Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en général, 1755, i. 25, 32,
70, 81, 101, 104, 107, 211, 335, 357.
Cato, De re rustica, i. 427.
Chambers, E., Cyclopædia, 1738, i. 7.
Charlevoix, F. X. de, Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Domingue, 1730, ii. 61, 62.
Histoire et description générale de la nouvelle France, avec le journal historique
d'un voyage dans l'Amérique Septentrionnale, 1744, ii. 73.
Child, Sir Josiah, New Discourse of Trade, i. 399; ii. 225, 226, 228.
Churchill, Awnsham and John, Voyages and Travels, 1704, ii. 69.
Cicero, Ad Atticum, i, 96.
De Divinatione, ii. 360.
De Officiis, i. 151.
In Verrem, i. 218.
Columella, De re rustica, i. 154, 155, 223, 364.
Commons, Journals of the House of, i. 296; ii. 243.
Considerations on the Trade and Finances of this Kingdom and on the measures of
administration with respect to those great national objects since the conclusion
of the peace (attributed to Thos. Whately), 1766, ii. 408.
Daniel, Gabriel, Histoire de France, 1755, i. 375, 376; ii. 289.
Davenant, Dr. Charles, Works, 1771, i. 72, 79, 196; ii. 375.
Decker, Sir Matthew, Essay on the Causes of the Decline of the Foreign Trade,
consequently of the Value of the Lands of Britain, and on the means to restore
both, 2nd ed., 1750, ii. 15, 98, 357, 361.
Denisart, J.-B., Collection de décisions nouvelles et de notions relatives à la juris-
prudence actuelle, 1771, i. 92.
Desaguliers, J. T., Course of Experimental Philosophy, 1744, i. 12.
Dion Cassius, History, ii. 343.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ii. 262, 265.
Dobbs, Arthur, An Account of the Countries Adjoining to Hudson's Bay... with an
Abstract of Captain Middleton's Journal, and Observations upon his Behaviour,
1744, ii. 234, 235.
Douglas, Heron and Co., The Precipitation and Fall of Messrs. Douglas, Heron
and Company, late Bankers in Air, with the Causes of their Distress and
Ruin investigated and considered by a Committee of Inquiry appointed by the
Proprietors, Edinburgh, 1778, i. 296.
Douglass, Dr. William, A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting,
Progressive Improvements and Present State of the British Settlements in North
America, 1760, i. 25, 159, 309.
Du Cange, Glossarium, i. 376; ii. 418.
Du Halde, J.-B., Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et
physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, 1735, i. 74; ii, 177.
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