vessels which have gone ashore while endeavoring to make the entrance have been wrecked north of the mouth of the river in the vicinity of Peacock Spit.

Sailing vessels should endeavor to make the land to windward of the entrance in the summer months, in the latitude of Cape Disappointment; and in winter well southward of the cape; and when compelled to heave-to while waiting for favorable conditions for entering, particularly during the heavy weather of the winter season, should make ample allowance for current. Vessels have been known to heave-to on making Columbia River Light Vessel and 24 hours. later find themselves off Grays Harbor.

In clear weather vessels should have no difficulty in entering the river, as the aids to navigation are numerous. The chart is the guide, and no detailed directions are necessary. In thick weather, however, when the aids cannot be seen, strangers should not attempt to enter without a pilot.

Local vessels entering in thick weather and with a flood tide, as a rule, do not attempt to pass beyond Desdemona Sands Lighthouse. because of the difficulty under such circumstances of avoiding vessels anchored in the narrow channel above the light.

Because of the frequent changes in the position of certain portions of the dredged channel, no directions for the river can be given which would be of permanent value. These channels throughout, however, are well marked by ranges, beacons, and buoys, and by following the chart vessels of less than 30 feet (9.1 m) draft should have little difficulty in reaching Portland, provided the trip can be made in daylight. Darkness greatly increases the difficulty of navigation, not only because the unlighted aids cannot then be seen, but more particularly because the lighted aids are in some cases difficult to distinguish from the numerous other lights surrounding them. Strangers should not attempt to run the river at night.

Caution. There is a tendency for Clatsop Spit Shoal to build up to the northwestward. In March 1934 a least depth of 28 feet (8.5 m) was reported 50 yards south of the entrance range midway between Clatsop Spit lighted whistle buoys 10, 10A, and 12. In May 1934 the entrance range was moved about 80 yds. to the northward. Vessels are cautioned to keep informed as to conditions in this vicinity.

COAST FROM COLUMBIA RIVER ENTRANCE TO JUAN DE FUCA STRAIT (CHARTS 6002, 6102)

From Cape Disappointment the coast extends northward for 22 miles to Willapa Bay as a low, sandy beach, with sandy ridges about 20 feet (6.1 m) high parallel with the shore. Back of the beach the country is heavily wooded. Numerous summer resorts and cottages are situated along the beach.

Klipsan Beach Coast Guard station is situated on the beach 10 miles northward from North Head.

The Klipsan Beach direction-finder station, call letters NZS, is located near the Coast Guard station.

Leadbetter Point, the southern point at the entrance to Willapa Bay, is low and sandy with no distinctive feature to mark its extremity nearer than the limit of the trees 234 miles southward.

Cape Shoalwater, the northern point at the entrance, is low and sandy, the northern portion covered with trees.

Willapa Bay Lighthouse is a white conical tower on dwelling, situated about 1/2 mile westward of the southern extremity of the point, clear of the trees, on the southern point of a sand ridge about 50 feet (15.2 m) high. The light is fixed white, with a white flash of 0.4 second duration every 20 seconds, 81 feet (24.7 m) above the water, and visible 15 miles. It is the front light of the entrance range. A lighted whistle buoy is on the range and distant 6 miles from the lighthouse.

A Coast Guard station is situated just inside Cape Shoalwater on North Cove.

Willapa Bay is described under a separate heading on page 219. From Cape Shoalwater to Point Chehalis, the southern point as the entrance to Grays Harbor, the coast extends for 12 miles as a low sand beach backed by a heavy growth of timber.

Point Chehalis is low and sandy and for 11⁄2 miles southward from the extremity is bare of trees. A jetty projects seaward from the end of the point.

Grays Harbor Lighthouse is a white octagonal pyramidal tower 107 feet high situated on the seaward side of Point Chehalis. The light is alternate flashing red and white every 30 seconds (red flash 0.5 second, eclipse 14.5 seconds; white flash 0.5 second, eclipse 14.5 seconds; 123 feet (37 m) above the water, and visible 17 miles. The fog signal is an air diaphone sounding 3 blasts every 60 seconds (blast 2 seconds, silent 1 second, blast 2 seconds and silent 25 seconds, blast 2 seconds, silent 28 seconds).

A radiobeacon has been established at the lighthouse. See page 11. The radiobeacon and fog signal are synchronized for distancefinding purposes. For method of operation see light list, Pacific coast.

Grays Harbor Coast Guard station is situated just south of the lighthouse.

Point Brown, the northern point at the entrance to Grays Harbor, is 21⁄2 miles northward from Point Chehalis; it is low, rounding, and sandy, with shoals extending southward and westward, forming with those extending westward from Point Chehalis, the bar at the entrance. It is wooded to within 12 mile of the extremity, near which is a lone tree. A jetty extends southwestward from the point.

Grays Harbor is described under a separate heading on page 223. From Point Brown the coast extends northward for 22 miles to Point Grenville as a low, sandy beach, broken occasionally by small streams and in some places by bluffs. A few small settlements connected by stage roads or trails are scattered along this stretch.

Copalis Head, 12 miles northward from Point Brown, is a bright yellow bluff, about 2 miles long and 140 to 200 feet (43 to 61 m) high; it is 134 miles northward from Copalis River. Two small rocks, the larger 34 feet (10.4 m) high, lie 500 yards off the head and a rock awash lies about 1/2 miles west-southwestward from the head.

Two small bluffs mark the mouth of Jo Creek, 31⁄2 miles northward from Copalis Head.

Moclips River enters 6 miles northward of Copalis Head. The south point at the mouth is bare and sandy; on the north bank is a bright yellowish bluff 50 feet (15.2 m) high. Moclips, population 300 (1930 census), a watering place near the mouth of this river, is connected by a branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad with Hoquiam on Grays Harbor. The hotel and other buildings are prominent from seaward. A triangular-shaped, yellowish bluff about 110 feet (34 m) high on the south bank of Wreck Creek, which empties about 211⁄2 miles northward from Moclips, is prominent from offshore. Point Grenville is a broken, rocky promontory with nearly vertical, whitish cliffs over 100 feet (30.5 m) high. Numerous rocks extend for some distance off the point. Grenville Arch, dark in color, 83 feet (25.3 m) high, is the outer and more prominent of two rocks lying westward from the point. It is over 11⁄2 mile 237° true (SW. by S. mag.) from the inner extremity of the point; the arch lies east and west. A rock, awash at high water, lies 400 yards 316° true (WNW. mag.) from Grenville Arch. The western rock off the western end of the point is 200 yards off the cliff and 92 feet (28.0 m) high; there are a number of rocks inside of it, but none outside. Two rocks over 90 feet (27.4 m) high lie 400 yards southward from the southern extremity of the point.

A poor anchorage in northwesterly weather may be had under Point Grenville by vessels of moderate draft, but the depths compel anchoring at such a distance from the beach that little shelter is afforded. The anchorage is in 4 fathoms (7.3 m), sandy bottom with the inner extremity of the cape bearing 338° true (NW. mag.) and Greenville Arch bearing 293° true (W. mag.). This anchorage is not recommended for ordinary use.

Northward of Point Grenville is a series of cliffs, the upper part appearing light gray, the lower part dark, separated by a welldefined line of demarcation. This formation disappears near the southern end of the cliffs, where they are much broken up and present a stratified appearance, the strata having a downward slope to the northward. Northward from the cliffs is a shingle beach northward of which are irregular bluffs and cliffs terminating near Taholah in white cliffs of uniform height which from offshore do not present the stratified appearance noticeable to the southward. Taholah is an Indian village on the banks of the Quinault River. The shore line in this section is low, and the buildings are readily seen from offshore. In the background is a ridge with three long flat summits. A road runs from Moclips to Taholah.

From Taholah to Cape Elizabeth the cliffs present an almost unbroken face seaward and in places are about 200 feet (61 m) high. They appear either white or bright yellow in color and from offshore present a very noticeable stratification, sloping downward to the southward, an important difference from the direction of slope around Point Grenville.

Quinault River breaks through the cliffs 1 mile southward from Cape Elizabeth.

Sonora Reef extends south-southeastward from Cape Elizabeth for over 2 miles, its southern end lying 1 miles offshore. The reef lies out of the usual course of vessels.

Cape Elizabeth projects about 1 mile from the general trend of the coast and when seen from seaward appears as a bright yellow, rocky cliff reaching in places a height of 200 feet (61 m). There are no high or large rocks off the cape. A little less than 1 mile south-southeastward and south-southwestward, respectively, lie two rocks awash at low water, and inside of these, less than 1/2 mile from the extremity of the cape, are some small visible rocks and breaks. The houses of the Quinault Indian Reservation are situated at the eastern end of the cliffs.

From Cape Elizabeth to the Hoh River, a distance of 24 miles, the coast is nearly straight with low shores and rocky cliffs heavily wooded to the edges. Numerous rocks lie offshore but out of the usual track of vessels.

Flat Rock, low and black, lies 15% miles 322° true (NW. by W. 3% W. mag.) from Cape Elizabeth, and 7% mile offshore. A sunken rock which breaks in ordinary weather lies 400 yards southward from it.

A small low rock lies halfway between Flat Rock and Cape Elizabeth, with a smaller one inside halfway to the beach.

Pratt Cliff, 3 miles northward from Cape Elizabeth, is a sharp point with cliffs 100 feet (30.5 m) high.

Split Rock, 70 feet (21.3 m) high, lies 31⁄2 miles 330° true (NW. 34 W. mag.) from Cape Elizabeth and 1 mile offshore abreast the north end of Pratt Cliff; it is split in two, the division showing when seen from west to northwest. A small, low, black rock lies 1/2 mile southward from it, and another, somewhat larger, lies % mile 170° true (SSE. % E. mag.) from Split Rock.

Willoughby Rock, 120 feet (37 m) high, lies 3⁄4 mile 57° true (NE. by N. mag.) from Split Rock; it is nearly round with an abrupt seaward face. A cluster of rocks lies between Willoughby and Split Rocks and a little southward of them; one is black and conical, with a rock awash 200 yards southwestward from it.

Sealion Rock, 8 feet (2.4 m) high, small and black, lies 3 miles 324° true (NW. by W. 4 W. mag.) from Split Rock and 23⁄44 miles offshore.

From Pratt Cliff to Raft River, 31⁄2 miles, the coast consists of broken cliffs over 100 feet (30.5 m) high, bordered by rocks extending over 11⁄2 mile offshore. Midway between them are three rocky heads projecting beyond, and almost detached from the cliffs, and like them, covered with trees to the edges.

Arch Island lies in the entrance to Raft River and at low water is connected with the south point of the river; it is 157 feet (48 m) high and 300 yards long. A vertical pillar, 108 feet (33 m) high, stands 150 yards north-northwestward from the rocks and a cluster of rocks lies close-to under its southeastern point.

From Raft River to Queets River, 411⁄2 miles, the coast consists of cliffs about 80 feet (24.4 m) high, broken occasionally by small

streams.

Queets River is the largest stream between Grays Harbor and Cape Flattery. The south point is a low, sandy spit about 1% mile long, projecting from an abrupt cliff, 80 feet (24.4 m) high, and densely wooded. The north point is 113 miles long, low and sandy, with some trees at the mouth of the river, and a narrow lagoon between it and the bluff.

From Queets River to Abbey Islet, abreast Destruction Island, 111⁄2 miles, the coast is rather low and is broken by cliffs about 50 feet (15.2 m) high with broad, low-water beaches; a group of low, flat rocks lies 6 miles northward from the river close inshore.

Destruction Island, 90 feet (27.4 m) high, lies 20 miles northward from Cape Eliztbeth and 3 miles offshore. It is flat-topped and covered with brush, with a few clumps of trees. It is 1/2 mile long and at its southern part 300 yards wide. From the northern end rocks and ledges extend about 1 mile from the cliff. These are bordered by a line of kelp on the inshore side.

Destruction Island Lighthouse is a white conical tower situated on the southwest part of the island. The light is flashing white (flash 2 seconds, eclipse 8 seconds), 147 feet (45 m) above the water, and visible 18 miles. The fog signal is an air siren, blast 2 seconds, silent 13 seconds.

There is a Navy radio direction-finder station, call letters NBG, on Destruction Island.

An indifferent anchorage, affording shelter from northwest winds, may be had off the southeast face of the island in 12 fathoms (21.9 m), sandy bottom, with the lighthouse bearing between west (mag.) and west-northwest (mag.). Vessels must leave if the wind hauls westward or southward. During the fishing season, many small fishing boats anchor for the night under Destruction Island. It is the only shelter for offshore winds between Grays Harbor and Cape Flattery.

Abbey Islet, over 100 feet (30.5 m) high and covered with trees, lies 200 yards off the cliffs, 312 miles 48° true (NNE. % E. mag.) from Destruction Island. A number of rocks lie near it to the southward, the most distant of which is South Rock, 46 feet (14.0 m) high, which lies 1 mile southward and 11⁄2 mile from shore.

From abreast Abbey Islet to Hoh Head, 4 miles, the coast trends in a general northwesterly direction, forming a shallow bight; the cliffs are 80 to 100 feet (24.4 to 30.5 m) high, with numerous rocks and ledges extending in some cases nearly 1 mile offshore.

Hoh River empties 2 miles eastward from Hoh Head. There is a broad sand beach at its mouth, and there are no cliffs for 11⁄2 mile, which is noticeable for a considerable distance offshore and marks the mouth of the river. In smooth weather it can be entered by canoes, but the channel shifts. An Indian village is located on the south bank at its mouth.

Hoh Head, 200 feet (61 m) high, is a bright yellow cliff, covered with a dense forest. It projects a little over 1/2 mile from the general trend of the coast. Sunken rocks extend 1 mile 215° true (S. by W. mag.) from the head and between it and North Rock, while a large cluster lies off the south cliff of the head. A rock with 214 fathoms (4.1 m) over it has been reported 134 miles westward from Hoh Head.

North Rock, 107 feet (33 m) high, grayish with nearly vertical sides, lies a little over 1 mile southward from Hoh Head. In the afternoon sun, the rock shows white and is a very definite landmark. Middle Rock, 65 feet (19.8 m) high, black with vertical sides, lies 34 mile off the mouth of the Hoh River and 1 mile eastward from North Rock. A rock awash lies 23 mile from Middle Rock on a