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Florence, population 339 (1930 census), is a small town on the north bank of the river, 4 miles inside the entrance. The sawmill here is closed and there is no commerce. There is an automobile ferry between Florence and Glenada.

Glenada, population 110 (1930 census), on the south bank of the river, opposite Florence, is a small town of no commercial importance.

Cushman, population 200 (1930 census) (Acme), on the north bank of the river 2 miles above Florence, has lumber and shingle mills. The product from these mills is shipped by rail.

About 1 mile above Cushman, the river is crossed by a railway drawbridge, with a clear opening of 100 feet on either side of the central draw span, 15 feet (4.6 m) vertical clearance when closed. The signal for opening is 1 long blast of the whistle, followed quickly by 1 short and 1 long blast. During foggy weather, an answering signal of 1 long blast from the bridge indicates that the draw is open for the passage of boats, and a succession of short blasts indicates that there will be some delay in opening the draw.

Pilots and towboats.-Neither pilots nor towboats are available. Strangers desiring a pilot might obtain the services of fishermen with local knowledge by signaling the Coast Guard station.

Supplies-Water and limited amounts of provisions are obtainable. Gasoline and oil may be obtained.

Repairs. Minor repairs only can be made. Carpenters are available and small machine work can be handled at the mills.

A Coast Guard station is located on the east bank, 1⁄2 mile south of Cannery Hill. The lookout station is on Cannery Hill.

Communication is by rail to the interior and by the Oregon Coast Highway along the coast. There are telegraph and telephone

connections.

Directions. No directions that would be of value to a stranger can be given. With a smooth bar, vessels drawing 10 feet (3.0 m) may enter at high water and follow the chart to Florence. If desiring to proceed above that point, a pilot should be employed.

YAQUINA BAY (CHART 6058)

has its entrance 311⁄2 miles southward of Yaquina Head Lighthouse. It is a tidal estuary, the bay proper being only the widening of the Yaquina River just inside the entrance.

The north point at the entrance is a rounding, sandy bluff, 120 feet (37 m) high; the old lighthouse tower, situated at the extremity, and the hotels and cottages northward of it, are prominent as daymarks. The south point is a low sand beach backed by sand dunes rising to 150 feet (46 m.)

The entrance has been improved by the Government by building jetties out from the north and south entrance points, and several rocky patches between the ends of the jetties have been removed to 18 feet (5.5 m) at mean lower low water. During 1933 and 1934 the jetties were reconstructed and extended farther to seaward. About 125 yards of the outer end of the south jetty is submerged (1934). In May 1934 there was a controlling depth of 132 feet (4.1 m) over the ocean bar at mean lower low water on the entrance

range. The channel at the entrance bearing south from the outer” end of the south jetty has closed since the jetty was extended. It is no longer used. The controlling depth inside the bay to Yaquina City was 17 feet (5.2 m). The entrance is also marked by a lighted range (rear light fixed white, front light flashing white).

The maximum draft to which vessels are loaded in Yaquina Bay (1933) is 162 feet (5.0 m). A smooth bar and favorable tide are necessary for this draft.

During the summer months, when the swell is roughly parallel to the coast, the bar is comparatively smooth, being partially sheltered by Yaquina Head. In winter, however, the heavy westerly swell renders it generally too rough to be crossed with safety.

Yaquina Reef, a ridge of hard sand and rock, with depths of 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.7 m) lies 1/2 mile off the entrance, extending parallel to the shores, a distance of 11⁄2 miles.

South Reef is a southerly continuation of Yaquina Reef, the two being separated by a deep-water channel. A black bell buoy marking the southern end of Yaquina Reef is the guide for this channel. Yaquina Head Lighthouse and a lighted whistle buoy, placed 2 miles southwestward of the entrance and on the entrance range, are the guides for making the entrance.

The river has been improved to Toledo, 11 miles above the entrance, by dredging wherever necessary to produce a channel 150 feet wide and 10 feet (3 m) deep at mean lower low water. This channel is well marked by aids, a few of which are lighted. In November 1933, 8 feet (2.4 m) was reported as controlling depth.

Above Toledo to the head of navigation the controlling depth is 2 feet (0.6 m) at mean lower low water.

Newport, population 1,530 (1930 census), just inside the north entrance point, is the principal town on the river. It is a port of entry. Newport is of importance principally as a summer resort, although there is some halibut fishing, the catch being shipped by truck. Considerable lumber is now shipped from Newport. It is barged down from upriver mills and loaded on the lumber schooners at the wharves in Newport.

Yaquina, about 311⁄2 miles above the entrance, is a small settlement, the terminus of a railroad extending into the interior. Otherwise, it is of no commercial importance.

Toledo, population 2,137 (1930 census), 11 miles above the entrance, ships lumber by both water and rail. The wharves have 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.7 m) at low water. There is an extensive spruce mill here. Practically all the shipping from Yaquina Bay originates at Toledo.

Anchorage. No regulations are prescribed. Vessels choose anchorage in the channel at points suited to the draft.

Pilots and towboats.-Licensed pilots are available and can be obtained by signaling the Coast Guard station on the hill at the north point of the entrance. The local mill company has a towboat that is available at times.

A Coast Guard station is located at Newport. The lookout station is the old lighthouse on the top of the hill near the end of the north entrance point.

A customs officer is stationed at Newport.

Supplies.-Fresh water, gasoline, distillate, and provisions can be

obtained.

Repairs. There are no facilities for making repairs, except for a small marine ways at Toledo with a capacity of 60 tons.

Communication is by rail to the interior, and by irregular coasting vessels to Astoria. There is a good highway to the interior, and one along the coast. There is communication by telegraph and telephone.

Directions. No directions that would be of value to a stranger can be given. Strangers desiring to enter or to ascend the river should employ a man with local knowledge. At the entrance the buoys cannot be relied upon as indicating the best water, and in the river the depths are subject to frequent change.

TILLAMOOK BAY (CHART 6112)

has its entrance about 42 miles southward from the Columbia River, 221⁄2 miles southward from Tillamook Rock Lighthouse, and 5 miles northward from Cape Meares Lighthouse. The bay is about 6 miles long and 3 miles wide, with a tidal area of about 13 square miles, the greater part of which, at low tide, presents a succession of sand and mud flats traversed by three principal channels which, although of fair depth near the entrance, gradually shoal toward the head of the bay.

The country tributary to the bay is devoted chiefly to farming and dairying; the shipments consist of these farm and dairy products, lumber and fish. General merchandise is received. Most of the local products except lumber are shipped by rail or truck.

Kincheloe Point, the south point at the entrance, is low and sandy. The north point at the entrance is the southern termination of a high wooded ridge lying between the bay and the Nehalem River. Green Hill, at the entrance opposite Kincheloe Point, is a spur from this ridge, terminating in a bluff, rounding point; it is bare of trees, but is covered with ferns and grass, and is a prominent feature in recognizing the entrance. A number of rocks lie close inshore northwestward of the point. There is a 7-foot (2.1 m) rock about 360 yards, 255° true from Green Hill.

The Sow and Pigs, a ledge of small extent and bare at half tide, lies in the entrance, 3 mile eastward from the end of Kincheloe Point and 400 yards off the north shore. This ledge is dangerous when entering with a flood tide, as the current sets toward it. The largest rock of the ledge is marked by a day beacon.

The entrance has been improved by the Government by the construction of a jetty. The submerged toe of the jetty extends out about 100 yards.

In May 1934 there was a controlling depth of 18 feet (5.5, m) over the ocean bar, and a channel with depths of 25 to 45 feet (7.6 to to 13.7 m) along the jetty to the bay. The entrance is marked by a lighted range and a lighted whistle buoy placed on the range 34 mile off the end of the jetty. The jetty was reconstructed in 1933, but the outer 300 feet have been beaten down by the sea. It is marked by a black can buoy placed off its end. The bar sometimes makes out across the range from the northward during the summer months.

Inside the entrance the bay is traversed by three principal channels, the Bay City Channel, the Main Channel, and the South Channel. Of the three, the Bay City Channel is the only one of any present commercial importance.

Hoquarten Slough, a continuation of the Main Channel, is a narrow crooked waterway leading from the head of the bay to the town of Tillamook. It has ample depths for any vessels which can pass through the channels in the bay, but it is so crooked that vessels over 100 feet long have difficulty in rounding the bends.

Main Channel has been abandoned below the crossover at Bay City. A depth of 6 feet (1.8 m) at mean lower low water is available in the Bay City Channel to the crossover, which is marked by a lighted beacon.

Above the limits of this dredged area, the Main Channel and Hoquarten Slough have been improved as far as Tillamook by the construction of dikes, the removal of snags, tnd by dredging in places, resulting in a channel with a least width of 60 feet, and a least depth of 4 feet (1.2 m) at mean lower low water. Vessels drawing 9 feet (2.7 m) (if not over 100 feet long) can reach Tillamook at high tide.

During the freshets snags are carried into the upper portion of the bay where they form a menace to navigation.

Tillamook, population 2,549 (1930 census), on Hoquarten Slough, is the principal town on the bay. It is the distributing center for a rich farming and dairying section and has communication by rail to Portland. There is but little water-borne commerce here. It is on the Oregon Coast Highway (U.S. 101), which has bus and freight service along the whole Oregon coast. Some logs are towed to Garibaldi.

Bay City, about midway of the eastern shore of the bay, has a cannery and sawmill. There is a controlling depth of about 7 feet (2.1 m) at mean lower low water to Bay City. Fishing and crabbing are carried on in this vicinity, but all shipments are made by truck or rail. There is only 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 m) alongside the wharf at mean lower low water.

Hobsonville, on the point 12 miles northwestward of Bay City, has practically been abandoned. The ruins of the old wharf have disappeared and only a small section of the sawmill still remains.

Garibaldi, population 213 (1930 census), on the north shore, 1/2 mile inside the entrance, is a summer resort. There is a wharf built out to 3 feet (0.9 m). From Garibaldi northward the beach is thickly lined with summer hotels and cottages.

Miami Cove has a large sawmill and loading wharf at the eastern end of the town of Garibaldi. This is the only shipping point on Tillamook Bay. In 1933, an 18-foot channel was redredged south of Sow and Pigs Reef to this wharf and was then used by vessels drawing 17 feet (5.2 m).

Lumber schooners using the bay do not go above Miami Cove. Pilots and towboats.-A pilot can be obtained by making a signal to the Coast Guard station. There are no towboats available. A Coast Guard station is located on the north shore at the entrance, 11⁄2 mile northwestward from Green Hill. The lookout station is on the jetty about 1,100 yards from its outer end.

Supplies.-Gasoline, distillate, water, provisions, and a limited amount of ship chandlers' stores can be obtained at Tillamook and Garibaldi.

Repairs. Facilities are limited to carpentry work and minor repairs to launch engines. There is a machine shop at the Garibaldi mills.

Communication is by rail to Portland, and by irregular coasting steamers to the Columbia River or San Francisco. There are telegraph and telephone facilities. The Oregon Coast Highway runs north to Astoria and south to California. It connects with Portland and points in the interior at Hebo and Tillamook.

Currents. In the entrance the average central surface velocity of the flood or ebb stream at strength is about 3 knots.

Directions.-No directions that would be of value to a stranger can be given. The bar is subject to change, and inside the entrance the aids to navigation are few, and local knowledge is necessary for following the best water in the channels.

NEHALEM RIVER (CHART 6122)

is a small stream which empties 191⁄2 miles northward of Cape Lookout and 17 miles southward of Tillamook Rock Lighthouse. The tidal reach extends to a point about 10 miles from the entrance, above which the river is a mountain stream full of riffles and obstructed by bowlders.

The river constitutes a natural outlet for an extensive area of heavily timbered country. Lumbering and fishing are the principal industries; sawmills and canneries are located at various points on

the lower river.

Nehalem Beach, the north point at the entrance, is a narrow sand spit, bare of trees, and with sand dunes of moderate elevation over the northern part. The south side of the entrance is a low, broad, sand beach, backed by wooded country, rising to elevations of 400 feet (122 m).

Brighton Beach, population 100 (1930 census), is a small settlement on the eastern shore, 1 mile inside the entrance. The sawmill and wharf are in ruins.

Wheeler Heights and Wheeler form one practically continuous town, population 280 (1930 census), on the south bank of the river, 234 miles above Brighton Beach. There is a salmon cannery and a large sawmill, with 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) at the wharf.

Nehalem, population 245 (1930 census), is a small settlement on the western shore of the river, 111⁄2 miles above Wheeler. It has a cannery with 6 feet (1.8 m) at the wharf.

The entrance has been improved by the Government by the construction of two jetties, but the depths on the bar and within the bay are not sufficient for coastwise shipping, and all lumber is now shipped out by rail. Log rafts in considerable numbers are towed

out.

The entrance is marked by a lighted range and bell buoy. The range is maintained by private interests. It is usually not lighted and is frequently shifted without notice.

In 1933 there was a controlling depth of 8 feet (2.4 m) at mean lower low water on the ocean bar, 13 feet (4.0 m) between the jetties

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