interests, and we must rough it up the mountain path, to view the sunrise from Chamouni. manufactures, and with its labourers located upon The advantages of British Colonisation arenear and easy markets, an accustomed climate, and all the benefits which are derivable from an already compact society, a circulating monetary medium, and a known system of agriculture. Its disadvantages are-high-priced and high-rented land, often difficult to be procured in England, a heavy taxation, and an excessive competition. The advantages of American Emigration are, on the contrary, less, or rather little, competition, small taxes, and land cheaply and easily purchased, without the charge of rent. Its disadvantages are far and difficult markets, a change of climate, and all those other disadvantages which proceed from a scanty and scattered population, an agriculture certainly requiring new attainment, and a money medium little circulating, and in some cases scarcely visible; and to these must be added the expenses and inconveniences of a trip over the Atlantic-no inconsiderable item. How, then, are we to decide? Are the for the spade, and for the plough, and for the advantages and disadvantages of British colonisa-harrow. It says, "My sons are my masters, and tion balanced, or are they not? Or which scale is the lighter, or which the heavier? We will not presume to decide. One must have made the experiment both ways to do that, and then the decision would be but the experience of an individual. We are content with showing that there is poetry both in the Old Country and in the New Country, and with simply pointing out that there are advantages and disadvantages both in British colonisation and in American emigration. Where the preponderance is, if any, each individual must decide for himself, and it is to one or other of these measures that the mass must look at the present imminent crisis. One fact, in relation to this question, is, however, sure to us. It is this--that the advantages of both British colonisation and of American emigration would be increased, and their disadvantages lessened, by a systematic procedure based upon agricultural association. The benefits of farming by association over small and large farms have already been seen. In both British colonisation and American emigration, agricultural association, especially if joined with dear to us. We bid God Songs of “Auld langsyne” Its very old Saxon words are "Love me. Till me." It calls they use me not well. I am their mother, and they desert me. I have nourished them, and they deny me food. I have worked for them, and they have laboured not for me." The New Country is dear also. We garland it with hopes. It shall echo to our mother tongue. It is not a stranger, but a child. It is New Eng land. It is not a foreign land. It is descended from our mother, and is our brother. It has vast territories, and it calls us thence. It says, "I have fertile prairies and sunny Savannas, come and culture them, and the red and golden maize is yours." It says, "I have more than I need; come, dig, and eat." It says, "I call a brother." Association also joins in this. England of the hawthorn vales, Scotland of the heathered hills, and Erin, weeping the dew on her own green sod, hear her voice, and echo it from Massachusets's Bay to the Far West. "For one arm,” says she, "you shall have many. For the strength of one, you shall have the power of a legion. Accept my help, and in the Old Country or in the New Country, there is land enough and food enough for all your children.” THE BURIAL OF RICHTER. "Richter was buried by torch-light, the unfinished manuscript upon the Immortality of the Soul' borne upon his coffin, and the noble ode of Klopstock, Thou shalt arise, my soul,' was sung at the burial vault."--LIFE OF J. P. RICHTER, THE LATE JAMES CALDER. At THE demise of the latest survivor of a band of another mercantile establishment speedily began Reformers-who, though they may have "fallen to appear in the place, which was soon crowded upon evil times," have not been passed over alto- with habitations, until out of this small and gether uncommemorated in our columns--induces singular beginning arose the town or village of us to present a few particulars from the notes, Invergordon. with which a kind friend has been pleased to furnish us, of the life of the late James Calder. This able and unobtrusive coadjutor of Muir, Gerald, Skirving, and the other sufferers of our dark age of politics, died on the 20th of December last, in the 73d year of his age, after having passed through a life of strange vicissitude, in which were commingled successful study, political intrepidity, the adventures of a prisoner of war, and a connexion of some distinction with the public press. Our informant, who appears to have been at considerable pains to collect from authentic sources the particulars with which he has favoured us | respecting this eminent patriot, states that the birth of James Calder took place at Cromarty, 25th December, 1773. A remarkable and even mysterious circumstance, one at least which was readily enough regarded as such towards the close of last century in the North of Scotland, is related as having occurred to Donald Calder, the father of the subject of our present notice, and which actually led to his becoming the founder of the town of Invergordon. It would seem that when but a herd boy in Morayshire, of about twelve years of age, Donald Calder dreamed that he was "set up" in business in a strange place-one which he had never beheld with his eyes-but of which the appearance became indelibly impressed on his memory. The young herd boy grew up to be a man, and the young man became a pedlar, and the pedlar ultimately settled down in business in the town of Cromarty; but the town of Cromarty was not the scene of his unforgotten vision; and it was while accidentally passing over the spot where the town of Invergordon now stands, that Donald Calder, recognising to his amazement the very landscape of his early dream, felt as if required by destiny to realise the prophetic intimation which had filled his mind since a boy. Of a sanguine temperament, deeply tinged with religious enthusiasm, Donald Calder felt little diffiealty in accepting the vision, and relative discovery of its locality, as a call of fate; and he consequently applied to Sir John Gordon of Invergordon for liberty to found a town upon the site. Sir John at first naturally looked upon the project of the senior Calder as chimerical; for within the circuit of eleven miles round there existed but a few farm houses, whose scattered inmates could not promise much resort to the future "town." At length he granted a piece of land to Mr. Calder, who did not hesitate to erect a warehouse upon the feu, and even to stock it with a supply of articles suitable to the wants of the neighbourhood. He would appear to have met with some degree of success in this unpromising undertaking; for another, and VOL. XIV.NO. CLX, James Calder was the eldest son of this enterprising and substantial country merchant. an early age he manifested extraordinary abilities; for when at nine years of age, removed from the school of Cromarty to Fort George, in which fortress his maternal uncle, the Rev. James Stalker, was chaplain, he was able to write the Latin language with ease, as well as to converse in it with fluency. His education at Fort George became partially of a military character. It does not appear, however, that this was with any view to his ultimately joining the army. He was at all events, ere long, entered as an Alumnus of King's College, Aberdeen, and there contracted an acquaintance with several persons, who subsequently rose to eminence and distinction, amongst whom we may mention the late Right Hon. Sir James Mackintosh. Young Calder became an especial favourite, too, of Dr. Beattie, author of "The Minstrel," who expressed himself " surprised and delighted" to find his lectures taken down in short hand by a lad of fifteen. It was at Aberdeen that James Calder made his public debut as a Reformer. His perusal of some of Mr. Fox's speeches is said to have determined the bias of his career. And" the boy Calder," as he was termed, soon became conspicuous for the dissemination of liberal principles in a neighbourhood where Reformers were scarcely to be found. The dismay and annoyance of the Tory gentlemen at the bold and unexpected declarations of the youth were evinced in the epithet" the boy Calder"—which they sought to attach to his name. The Reformers of Edinburgh were, therefore, somewhat prepared to receive into their confidence "the boy Calder," when he proceeded to Edinburgh, in the eighteenth year of his age. He attended the law classes of the metropolis; and as was, and is, the custom with young men in this position, was at the same time clerk in the office of a Writer to the Signet. This person and his chief clerk (not Mr. Calder) are supposed to have been ingloriously immortalised by Sir Walter Scott in one of his Novels. James Calder had destined himself to the bar, to which there is no reason to doubt that he would have attained, could he have brought his mind to consent to abandon the cause of Reform. His excellent private character and amiable disposition had, notwithstanding a difference of politics, endeared him to several persons of station and influence, who earnestly counselled him to renounce his political principles for the prospect of professional success. Even in the Lord Provost, by whom the meetings of the Edinburgh Convention * Vide Tait's Magazine for Jan., 1837, p. 16. T were dispersed, Calder had a friend. And our informant possessed the assurance of the late Mr. M'Leod, of Cadboll, that Calder was singularly esteemed, even by political opponents. We may, while recounting these facts, revert to a defence of Mr. Calder, which, we are happy to learn, afforded him great satisfaction at the time of its appearance, against the misrepresentations in Miller's "Sketches and Legends of the North of Scotland." These misrepresentations caused him much annoyance, from his being described as " a wild and furious democrat-the terror of the surrounding country," which can hardly be reconciled to the fact of his having remained on terms of intimacy with all the principal families of the neighbourhood. The author of this book could | have had no object to serve in making statements calculated to injure Mr. Calder, or to cause him pain. His political principles were probably identical with those of the "wild and furious demo- | erat," whom he knew only by report; but often the report of persons who are to be benefited by political struggles concerning men who make them, is characterised by no quality less than that of gratitude. No prospect of professional advancement proved adequate to induce young Calder to act, as he said, at variance with the dictates of his conscience; and, in April, 1793, he joined the "British Convention of Delegates of Friends of the People," sitting in Edinburgh; and, notwithstanding his youth, soon became signalised as one of its leading members. In November of the same year he was appointed one of a committee of four members, selected to devise means for the diffusion of political knowledge in the Highlands of Scotland. sedition in virtue of a sheriff's warrant. The execution of the warrant had been, somewhat irregularly, committed to the military force instead of the civil power; and Calder was arrested by a corporal and two privates of the Sutherland Fencibles. Whilst on the march with his escort towards the gaol of Tain, he charmed the whole party so effectually by his conversation, that they abandoned all desire to be instrumental in his detention, and, reckless of the risk they themselves would have incurred had they been found guilty of a breach of duty, the captors actually sauntered apart from the prisoner, to afford an opportunity for his escape. Calder evinced no anxiety to avail himself of this chance of liberty; and the hot-blooded Highland corporal, provoked at his seeming obtuseness, even ventured so far, in the height of his magnanimity, as to run hastily up to him, exclaiming in Gaelic-" Can't you run, man! can't you run!" Mr. Calder used to relate that it cost him some trouble to convince these simple-minded Highlanders that it was his serious intention to go to gaol. And thither, by dint of considerable persuasion, he induced his unwilling captors to conduct him. From Tain he anticipated being forwarded to Edinburgh, where Gerald and Skirving were, by this time, arrested and confined. But whatever may have been the reason (and it never clearly appeared), he was simply bound over by the sheriff of the county to keep the peace, and discharged from custody. It is stated that the Lord Advocate considered it inexpedient to proceed farther against him. Calder had been somewhat implicated in an occurrence arising out of a “clearing" of the inhabitants, effected some time previously, on certain farms in Ross-shire, for the purpose of converting them into sheep-walks. This "clearing" had led to riots on the part of the persons ejected from their homes and hearths. At all events they had risen up and driven away the sheep by whom they had been inhumanely supplanted. Several of the ringleaders were consequently lodged in gaol: but by the aid of a "born natural"-one of those hapless creatures afflicted with idiocy, of whom specimens are sometimes to be seen about our country villages-they had succeeded in effecting their escape. Their poor witless friend contrived to abstract the keys from the custody of a slumbering turnkey, to whom he faithfully restored them while still in the arms of Morpheus; but not before he had, in the meanwhile, set the prisoners free! The sheriff and other officials, inexpressibly annoyed at the circumstance, promulgated the offer of a large reward for hav On the dispersion of the Convention by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and a body of Constabulary, 5th December, 1793, Calder moved an adjournment to the Canongate. But the Reformers being traced thither also, their Committee resolved upon varying their place of meeting on each occasion; and to Calder was assigned the task of selecting places appropriate for the purpose. A circumstance of a rather ludicrous kind, in one instance, ensued. Mr. Calder having engaged for the place of meeting a cabinetmaker's workshop, situated in Nicolson Street, the Committee of the Convention appeared, seated at the worktables and benches, amidst a profusion of the workmen's tools, including adzes, hatchets, mallets, and hammers, when the sheriff of the county and two officers, by whom the meeting had been discovered, suddenly burst into the room. A single glimpse at the implements strewed arounding them retaken, branding them as struck terror and consternation to the hearts of the officials, and assuming that they should instantly be attacked, they fled precipitately from the scene-spreading abroad their protestations that all the members were armed. With the aid of a suitable reinforcement, the meeting, however, was as quietly dispersed as on any previous occasion. Calder himself, while at home on a visit, was, sometime afterwards, apprehended on a charge of "sheep stealers" in the placards issued for the purpose. Young Calder's indignation was aroused at the application of such a term, under the circumstances, to persons, many of whom, to his own personal knowledge, were otherwise worthy and religious people; and the part taken by him in the affair consisted in having counter-placards privately posted, exhorting the inhabitants not to betray their countrymen. His appeals were ef fectual; none of the individuals concerned were re taken; they were even suffered eventually to return | the Scottish Bar were blighted solely in conto their homes, without farther notice being taken of their conduct by the authorities. Amongst their number was a noted Celt, named Hugh Breck Mac-something; who, having vowed summary vengeance against a neighbour concerned in his original apprehension, might have been regarded as in rather an unfavourable position for keeping his resolution. But no sooner had the pursnit after the fugitives from gaol slackened, than Hugh Breck returned all the way from Perth on foot, for the express purpose of pouncing upon his foe; and having one night found a fitting opportunity of indulging his revenge without the usual fatal consequences, retreated once more to his hiding-place in Perth, without having visited any one in the district with the exception of Mr. Calder. The individual subjected to Hugh Breck's disciplinary vengeance applied, early on the succeeding morning, to his Lordship, the Sheriff, for a warrant against his assailant. "A warrant," exclaimed the Sheriff, "against Hugh Breck! Why mas, I have offered a hundred pounds already to catch him, and where do you expect to do so?" Calder was not restrained by the proceedings which had been directed against him in the north from forthwith repairing to Edinburgh, the scene of the political prosecutions against his friends. He arrived in time to rescue several of them from eminent peril, by collecting letters and papers emanating from different societies, which he took the precaution of destroying at his own lodgings. The greater part of a night was spent in the work of destruction; and when the domiciliary risits were paid, as paid they were, the proofs of connexion with Associations obnoxious to the Government had ceased to exist! sequence of his persevering fidelity to the cause of reform. In the previous year, the name of Thomas Muir, of Huntershill, had been struck off the roll of the Faculty of Advocates; and it was now distinctly enough announced that there was no admission to be expected for the name of the friend of Muir and of Muir's associates. At the memorable trials which ensued, Calder rendered active assistance in the preparations for the defence. He sat at the bar with Joseph Gerald throughout the entire inquiry, arranging his papers, and privately administering to him, from time to time, small doses of spirit of lavendar combined with laudanum, upon pieces of sugar, for the purpose of stimulating and sustaining him in the delivery of his speech, which occupied four hours. Mr. Calder always mentioned this noble-minded man in terms expressive of the fondest admiration; and often would recite portions of his address on this occasion, particularly its solemn peroration, the effect of which was so overpowering that even the Judges on the Bench saffered some minutes to elapse ere they regained their composure. Calder passed with Gerald the might previous to the latter being sent away; and even within the precincts of the prison, the song "Come, Sons of Freedom! no more let us mourn!" was raised on the occasion. Calder was likewise ene of the exculpatory witnesses on the trial of Marguerot. The consequences of these unhappy prosecutions, as respected the victims of the law, are well and widely known; but less has been heard of the minor sufferings indirectly endured by others The were not arraigned. Of these Mr. Calder His prospects of admission to had his share. All hopes of an opening at the Bar being thus blighted and crushed, Calder foresaw no means of earning an independent livelihood without quitting his native country. He repaired, therefore, to London, ere he had yet attained his twenty-first year. On occasion of his departure, a large party of gentlemen embraced the opportunity of testifying their regard by escorting him to Leith. He was not long in London until he was engaged upon a newspaper called "The Oracle," at that time a well-known journal. But, in the course of a few months, he yielded to inducements offered him for undertaking a voyage to the Coast of Guinea; and it is singular enough, that he sailed in the capacity of Surgeon. He had, in point of fact, studied Medicine as ardently as law, or even politics, while sojourning in Edinburgh. The Sugar Cane, the vessel in which he went, was captured, whilst homewardbound, by a French frigate, after an engagement of several hours' duration; in the course of which, Calder beheld a negro girl killed at his side by a cannon ball. He was carried, along with the ship's crew, to Guadaloupe; and there became accidentally serviceable in an affair of some importance to the liberties of the Islanders. It was at the time when that sanguinary Frenchman, Victor Hugues, was Governor of the Island; and while the tyranny of this man's rule instigated the secret indignation of the residents, the fear of his vengeance checked all their efforts for redress. Scarcely had Calder been a fortnight in confinement, when, won by his pleasing manners and conversation, the French Inspecting Surgeon directed his removal to the Hospital, from the dungeon in which he lay immured. The handsome conduct of the medical officer was dictated, as he himself expressed it, by the desire to see Calder "treated as a gentleman." And the change formed no trivial boon; for such was the construction of the cells in which the prisoners were confined, as to allow the inmates to lie on one side only. Calder gained even the good opinion of his gaolers, although it must be allowed that he accomplished this in rather a whimsical manner. He was in the habit of remonstrating with his fellow-prisoners respecting the anathemas they were daily accustomed to visit upon the French, and to instruct them to transfer their maledictions to William Pitt, who William Pitt would not let the French alone. accordingly became, to the infinite delight of their French custodiers, the subject of the sailors' imprecations, before the period that Calder left them, duly as the day came round. Shortly after his transference to the Hospital, Calder was still farther enlarged, having received permission to go abroad upon parole. He was frequently in thing." "Not so, Mr. O'Connor," remarked Horne Tooke, "there is one thing for which you have made no provision." "What is that?" inquired O'Connor, surprised. "Why," replied the Author of the "Diversions of Purley," with a characteristic play upon language," you have made no provision for provisions, the most difficult provision of all!" The declaration of the "Whig Club" was submitted to the consideration of Mr. Calder, at the meeting we have just described, On the failure of the Irish Rebellion in 1798, although he entirely disapproved of the proceedings of its promoters, Mr. Calder did not refuse them in their adversity his sympathy and his aid. Amongst those whom he rescued from the pursuit of Government was M'Cabe, the disciplinarian of the Irish army. When M'Cabe's capture seemed imminent in London, he concealed him for a fortnight in his own lodgings. The Minister of the day, the celebrated Spencer Percival, appears to have made overtures to Mr. Calder, through a renegade rebel, whereby a bribe of a thousand pounds was offered for the information requisite to trace MCabe. The offer was indignantly spurned; and M'Cabe succeeded in reaching France in safety. vited to visit the leading people of the Island, | might prove successful. He concluded the deand thus became acquainted with the smoul-velopment of his plan, by observing triumphantdering animosity occasioned by the severe conductly, "Thus, I have made provision for everyof the Governor. The result was the production in English, from the pen of Mr. Calder, of a document which obtained some celebrity in its day; and which, translated into French by an officer serving on the Island, formed the memorable remonstrance from the merchants and other inhabitants of Guadaloupe to the Directory of France. The effect of this representation, on its reaching Paris, is matter of history. The Directory were obliged to recal their petty tyrant. But the risk thus encountered by a prisoner of war, in attempting to vanquish local oppression, must be too obvious to require animadversion. Mr. Calder was released by cartel, after three months' detention in Guadaloupe, and proceeded to Antigua, where he met with a warm reception. Amongst his friends in the island of Antigua were two brothers, extensive planters, who generously offered to guarantee him an income of £600 a-year, provided he would remain there as a teacher and lecturer. But finding him bent on departing, they delicately availed themselves of an opportunity to send privately on board of the vessel by which he was to sail a complete stock of clothes and linen for his use. The fate which awaited these warm-hearted brothers was tragical and distressing. They were British; but so devotedly attached to each other, that they became mutually plighted never to marry-never to separate -never to survive one another. One of them died a few years afterwards; the other immediately shot himself through the head: thus fear fully keeping his rash and romantic compact! The career of Mr. Calder as an Editor of the London Press during this period was that of an active and consistent Reformer. Several of his early friends he saw rising superior to him in rank and in riches; but the stern independence of his principles precluded his taking the slightest step to follow them, which would have involved a deviation from the straightforward course which he uniformly pursued. ed. But the meeting was unhesitatingly declined. From Antigua, Calder returned to England, and again entered into connexion with the Press. His first engagement was on the London Tele- The Englishman was the principal Sunday graph; but, in the course of a short time, he en- paper towards the close of the war. Mr. Calder, tered the Gallery as a Parliamentary reporter on by whom it was conducted, was joint proprietor the Times. The "leading journal" was at of it along with Mr. Walter-and, while still that period held by the father of the present conducting it in 1821, an eminent statesman, Mr. Walter. Mr. Calder's position on the staff now deceased, intimated Mr. Canning's desire of reporters endured for something less than to have an interview with him. It was tolea session. His extensive knowledge-more es- rably well understood that an official appointpecially his acquaintance with the Continental ment, in which Mr. Calder's accurate knowledge languages-marked him out for a superior sphere of foreign parties and politics would become availof usefulness within the office. He was now con-able, was likely to follow the interview thus requestfidentially employed by "The Whig Club," for some purpose which never transpired, for he never After editing, for a short period, the British revealed it even to his nearest connexions. All Traveller, Mr. Calder finally retired from active that he ever seems to have felt himself at liberty life, in 1824, a martyr to hereditary gout, and to to mention was the fact of his having spent a a liver complaint contracted in Africa. He surfortnight at Footscray, whither he had been in-vived until December last; and at the time of his vited by Sir Francis Burdett, who was then but death had nearly completed his seventy-third year. a young man. The party to whom he was intro- Such were the excessive kindness and benevoduced by Sir Francis consisted of Arthur O'-lence of Mr. Calder's disposition, that they even Connor, Horne Tooke, Dr. Parr, and other noted advantaged his enemies. A slight instance of this reformers. This meeting took place previous to we may venture to record. For years, he had the outbreaks in Ireland. It is probable, that been the frequent subject of espionage, and partiO'Connor, though he did not avow it, was al-cularly of that of a person in the pay of the minready aware of the movements in contemplation. istry connected with the public press. This man's In the course of conversation, the state of Ire- character Mr. Calder knew. He, therefore, island happened to be adverted to. O'Connor un- trusted him. But when this person was seized dertook to show by what means an insurrection with an illness, which proved to be a fatal one, |