corporations organized for like purposes under the laws of the State were exempt therefrom, was in conflict with the constitution of the State of Illinois, and rendered said act void as to plaintiff in error, as in conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, in that it abridged the privileges and immunities of plaintiff in error, who was a citizen of the United States, and denied to it the equal protection of the laws. The County Court sustained the tax and the Supreme Court affirmed the judgment. This writ of error was then sued out.

The assignment of errors in this court, omitting the specification of error based on the constitution of the State, is the same as that in the state courts.

It is enough for our purpose to say that section one of the act of 1895, subjects to a tax all property situated within the State, which shall by will or by the intestate laws pass from any person who may die seized or possessed of the same. The act was amended in 1901 by adding thereto the following section:

"When the beneficial interest of any property or income therefrom shall pass to or for the use of any hospital, religious, educational, bible, missionary, tract, scientific, benevolent or charitable purpose, or to any trustee, bishop, or minister of any church or religious denomination, held and used exclusively for the religious, educational or charitable uses and purposes of such church or religious denomination, institution or corporation, by grant, gift, bequest or otherwise, the same shall not be subject to any such duty or tax, but this provision shall nót apply to any corporation which has the right to make dividends or distribute profits or assets among its members."

The Supreme Court decided that this amendment did not apply to "corporations created under the laws of a sister State." And also decided, as so construed, the amendment was not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States. The court said:

"A clear distinction exists between domestic corporations

and corporations organized under the laws of other States. Such corporations fall naturally into their respective classes. Over the one-that which the State has created-the State has certain powers of control, and the other is beyond its jurisdiction. Those of its own creation have been endowed with corporate powers for the purpose of subserving the interests of the State and its people; those which have been given life by the laws of a sister State have entirely different ends and objects to accomplish. The lawmaking power would find many weighty considerations authorizing the classification of foreign and domestic corporations into different classes and justifying the creation of liability on the part of foreign corporations to pay a tax on the right to take property by descent, devise or bequest, under the laws of the State, and at the same time leaving the right of a domestic corporation so to take free of any such exaction."

It will be seen by a reference to the assignment of errors that the ground of the attack by the plaintiff in error on the validity of the tax assessed against it is that the imposition of the tax upon it, while other corporations organized for like purposes under the laws of Illinois are exempt, renders the act of May 10, 1901, void, as to plaintiff in error. And, in their argument, counsel say: "It is the effect given by the Supreme Court of Illinois to this amendment (the act of 1901) that violates the rights claimed by the plaintiff in error under the Constitution of the United States." The construction of the act by the Supreme Court we must accept as determining the meaning of the act. In other words, we must regard the act as if the legislature had, in explicit language, excluded from its provisions foreign corporations. If this renders the act void plaintiff in error, whether its argument be tenable or untenable, seems to be put in the dilemma urged by the defendant in error, and an affirmance of the judgment is required. If the act of May 10, 1901, is invalid it cannot give exemption from taxation to either domestic or foreign corporations, and plaintiff in error was rightly taxed under the act of June 15, 1895.

Plaintiff in error, of course, does not desire to take exemption from domestic corporations. It desires to remove the discriminatory effect of the amendment of May 10, 1901, by including in its bounty foreign corporations. Can this be done? May a court by construction put into a law that which the legislature has left out? There is a difference between burdens and benefits, and it may well be that a law which confers the latter upon some persons, and thereby increases burdens on others, may be declared invalid by the courts. But if the courts may strike down privileges may they extend favors and make objects of bounty those whom the legislature has excluded? The questions raise important considerations, but we may pass them, because the contention that the act of 1901 is invalid encounters an insuperable obstacle in the power of the State to classify objects of legislation and discriminate between classes. This power is not unconstitutionally exercised by legislation which exempts the religious and educational institutions of the State from an inheritance tax and subjects educational and religious institutions of other States to the tax. Regarding alone the purposes of the institutions, no difference may be perceived between them, but regarding the spheres of their exercise, and the benefits derived from their exercise, a difference is conspicuous. It is this benefit that may have constituted the inducement of the legislation.

Plaintiff in error contests the classification of the act of 1901 and the conclusions deduced from it in an able argument. We do not reply to the argument in detail, because we have defined so often the principles of classification that we must regard repetition as unnecessary. An observation or two, however, may be worth while. It is contended that the exemption of the amendment of 1901 "is not limited by the decision of the Supreme Court to corporate takers or users," and that the decision, by treating the act "as a grant of privileges and immunities to corporations," ignored "the test of use found in the quiry "To what purpose is the beneficial VOL. CCIII-36

interest in the property devoted?'" and the consideration that there was no necessity for corporate agency in that connection. The result of this is, it is urged, that the court made the "power of state visitation and control" over corporations "the test of taxability or non-taxability upon the right of succession." Denying this to be the test, and contending that the test should be the use to which the property is devoted and the question of tax or freedom from tax determined thereby, and asserting that plaintiff became a person within the jurisdiction of the State by going there to take title to property there situated, and by probating the will of Mrs. Speed as evidence of such title, it is deduced that it was not competent for the State to tax the property of plaintiff in error at one rate and the property of corporations, organized under her laws, at another rate.

It must be kept in mind that the controversies in this case depend upon the power of the State over inheritances and the conditions she may put upon them in the exercise of that power. And this is prominent in the decision of the Supreme Court. In considering this power, and classification in the exercise of this power, the court took into account the greater control and direction the State had over domestic than over foreign corporations. It did not put out of view the uses of property expressed in the act of 1901 nor ignore the consideration that there was no necessity for a corporate agency to execute those uses. The case presented especially a comparison of the rights of corporations, but the decision was broad enough to consider natural persons. "In laying such a tax" (an inheritance tax), the court said, "the legislature may consider the relation which the person or corporation given the right of succession sustains to the deceased, to the property or to the State, and may regulate the amount of the tax to be required in view of such relation, and in exercising this power may lay a tax on the right of one class of persons or corporations to take, and may deem it wise to impose no tax upon the right of other classes of persons or corporations to

203 U. S.

Argument for the United States.

take." A Federal court would hesitate indeed to put impediments on this power or declare invalid any classification of persons or corporations that had reasonable regard to the purposes of the State and its legislation. And it cannot be said that if a State exempts property bequeathed for charitable or educational purposes from taxation it is unreasonable or arbitrary to require the charity to be exercised or the education to be bestowed within her borders and for her people, whether exercised through persons or corporations.

2

Judgment affirmed.

UNITED STATES v. SHIPP.

INFORMATION IN CONTEMPT.

No. 12, Original. Argued December 4, 5, 1906.-Decided December 24, 1906. Even if the Circuit Court of the United States has no jurisdiction to entertain the petition for habeas corpus of one convicted in the state court, and this court has no jurisdiction of an appeal from the order of the Circuit Court denying the petition, this court, and this court alone, has jurisdiction to decide whether the case is properly before it, and, until its judgment declining jurisdiction is announced, it has authority to make orders to preserve existing conditions, and a willful disregard of those orders constitutes contempt.

Where the contempt consists of personal presence and overt acts those charged therewith cannot be purged by their mere disavowal of intent under oath. In contempt proceedings the court is not a party; there is nothing that affects the judges in their own persons and their only concern is that the law should be obeyed and enforced.

After an appeal has been allowed by one of the justices of this court, and an order entered that all proceedings against appellant be stayed and his custody retained pending appeal, the acts of persons having knowledge of such order, in creating a mob and taking appellant from his place of confinement and hanging him, constitute contempt of this court, and it is immaterial whether appellant's custodian be regarded as a mere state officer or as bailee of the United States under the order.

THE facts are stated in the opinion.

The Solicitor General with whom The Attorney General was on the brief, for the United States: