Dr. Lightfoot, by Mr. Harmer, by the editors of Calmet's Dictionary and of the 'Fragments' appended to that work, by the author of the "Oriental Customs," and by a few other writers who have applied the manners and customs of eastern nations, especially of the Jews, to the elucidation of the Scriptures. Dr. Gerard's Institutes of Biblical Criticism, and Bishop Marsh's translation of Michaelis on the New Testament, together with his Lordship's Divinity Lectures, as Lady Margaret's Professor at Cambridge, have also contributed much valuable assistance towards the critical study of the Bible. But, it is to Holland and Germany that we must look for complete information on the subject. The researches of Leusden, Grotius, Franck, Pfeiffer, Turretin, Hottinger, Rambach, the two Michaelises, the two Carpzovs, Langins, Semler, Dathe, Eichorn, the two Rosenmüllers, Schleusner, Paulus, Kuinöel, Ernesti, Morus, Titmann, Jahn, and others, have thrown a flood of light on the interpretation of Scripture. But, unhappily, the works of many of the later German critics are characterised by a boldness of conjecture, and an excess of philological speculation, which render them by no means sufe guides. At the same time, their writings contain such a mass of valuable information on the Critical Study of the Bible, that we cannot but regret that their high price, and, in many instances, their extreme rarity, place them entirely beyond the reach of ordinary students. the Herodian Family, and the Roman Procurators. The Roman judicature, manner of trial, treatment and punishment of prisoners (particularly crucifixion), as mentioned or alluded to in the New Testament, are then described, and illustrated with many apposite citations from the classics. Next follows a copious view of the ecclesiastical state of the Jews, including the whole of their sacred rites and festivals; their religious and moral state, particularly during the time of Jesus Christ, and their various sects. This part concludes with an account of the Jewish and Roman modes of computing time, mentioned in the Scriptures. The author states, that he has been designedly brief in this portion of his undertaking, and indulges the hope, that few, really essential parts, connected with sacred antiquities, will appear to have been omitted To this declaration we fully accede; but we would suggest, in a future impression, the addition of a few chapters, treating on the private life and manners of the Jews. In Part II. we have a very full investigation of the interpretation of the Scriptures. The author first specifies the various subsidiary means for ascertaining their sense, viz. a knowledge of the original languages of Scripture, (Hebrew and Greek) as well as of the Chaldee, Arabic, Syriac, and Ethiopic languages, usually called the kindred dialects. Of these languages, as well as of the antient versions, we have critical and historical accounts, with bibliographical details of the best grammars, lexicons, and editions. The history of the Septuagint, or Greek Version, is one of the best written pieces of criticism that we have ever read. Under these circumstances, the author of the work, which we are now to introduce to our readers, has conferred no small favour on the republic of letters, by presenting it with this compendious The other aids, besides the original and elaborate Introduction to the Criti-languages and antient versions, are the cal Study of the Holy Scriptures. Mr. Analogy of Scripture or parallel passages, Horne has distributed his volumes into three parts, viz. In Part 1. is given a concise view of the physical and political geography of the Holy Land, which, the enlightened traveller Dr. E. D: Clarke has shewn, is the proper title of Palestine. This is followed by a sketch of the political state of the Jews, from the patriarchal times to the Babylonish captivity, under the Asmonæan Princes, the sovereigns of Scholia and Glossaries, the subjectmatter, context, scope, and the analogy of faith. Their nature is fully investigated, and rules are given for the application of them to the interpretation of the Bible. The Figurative Language of Scripture forms the subject of long and interesting chapter; comprising an examination of the metaphors, allegories, parables, and other figurative modes of speech, occurring in the sa cred volume. Next succeeds a chapter of equal interest, on reconciling the apparent contradictions in Scripture, whether they are historical, or chronological; seeming contradictions between prophecies and their accomplishment; between the sacred writers themselves, or between sacred and profane writers; or seeming contradictions to morality; or to philosophy and the nature of things. The Quotations from the Old Testament in the New are treated at great length, and illustrated by several elaborate tables, shewing, first, their relative agreement with the Hebrew and with the Septuagint; and secondly, whether they are prophecies cited as literally fulfilled; prophecies typically or spiritually applied; prophecies accomodated, or simple allusions to the Old Testament. The passages, supposed to be quoted in the New Testament from apocryphal writers, and from Heathen authors, are likewise considered. ters on every topic discussed, in order to assist the researches of the studious. A very ample APPENDIX fills the third volume. Besides an improved Jewish calendar, exhibiting the state of the weather in the Holy Land, during the various seasons of the year, this Appendix presents us with a list of the most eminent Commentators and Biblical critics; interspersed with bibliographical and critical notices of each, extracted from the best sources:-2. Rules for the better understanding of Hebraisms:-3. Critical accounts of the principal MSS. and editions of the Old and New Testament :-4. An elaborate dissertation on various readings, with a digest of the chief rules for weighing and applying them:-5. An abstract of profane oriental history, illustrating the History of the Hebrews, as referred to in the prophetic writings; and comprising historical notices of the Chaldee, Assyrian, Median, Persian, and Egyptian empires: and, lastly, various chronological and other tables, necessary to facilitate the study of the Scriptures. The work is beautifully and correctly printed, and is illustrated with several elegant and correct maps, and fac-similes of biblical MSS. Two copious indexes are subjoined; and we would suggest to the author, that it would enhance the further utility of his elabo were, in the next edition, to give an index of the texts cited and illustrated. Having thus stated and illustrated the various aids for ascertaining the sense of Scripture, the author proceeds to shew the application of them to the historical interpretation of the sacred writings; the interpretation of Scripture miracles; of types; of the doctrinal and moral parts of Scripture, and of the promises and threatenings of Scripture, to its spiritual interpretation, and to the practical reading of the Bible.rate and comprehensive volumes, if be These disquisitions are followed by observations on commentaries, with rules for consulting them to the best advantage. Part III. treats on the Analysis of the Bible. Besides a history of the Sacred Canon of the Old and New Testament, it contains a view of the evidence for the divine origin, credibility, and inspiration of each, particularly of the New Testament together; with critical prefaces to the various books, and synopses of their contents, upon an improved plan. The prophetical books are arranged in the order of time when their inspired authors respectively flourished; and are elucidated by valuable dissertations on the poetry of the Hebrews, and on the accomplishment of prophecy. Under every head or section are introduced very numerous references to the Bible; and throughout the work, references are also made to the best wri We had marked various passages, which we could wish to have transferred to our pages, but we are compelled to omit them for want of room. Our analysis, brief as it necessarily is, will shew that this work contains every information which the general reader of the Scriptures can possibly require. To clergymen, in particular, and to those who are preparing for the sacred office, it is an invaluable manual, and (what is no mean consideration,) it is also a cheap one. Incitement to Early Piety; or a Manual of early Devotion, with a selection of Hymns adapted to the youth of both sexes. 18mo. 8d. Hamilton, London. THIS little tract is written by a mo concerning every place of importance. After describing the name of each place with regard to its manufactures, im ther. It appears to be well adapted to the class of persons for whom it is designed; and the letter of advice which is prefixed to it, contains much impor-ports, exports, and local circumstances, tant instruction clothed in affectionate and simple language. European Commerce; or, the complete A work of this description, comprising, within a moderate compass, all the necessary information relative to the trade of the Continent, has long been a desideratum in mercantile literature: for, although there are some works extant on the Continent, as well as in our own language, in part similar to Mr. Rördansz's publication, yet they are too dear to be purchased by every one who is desirous of becoming acquainted with the important subjects discussed by him. While we freely acknowledge their value, we are compelled to admit that the information they communicate is necessarily defective. Our author has, therefore, conferred no small obligation on the commercial world in publishing the present comprehensive work. It is divided into three parts, viz. Part I, treats of the North of Europe, including Russia, Prussia, and Poland, Mecklenberg aud Lubeck, Denmark and Holstein, Sweden and Norway. Part II, comprehends the Midland countries of Europe, viz. Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Part III, contains the South of Europe, that is, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Morea, the Levant, and the trade in the Black Sea, together with some general remarks on the trade of the Mediterranean the author has given a list of the methods of buying and selling, the charges on imports and exports, with other occasional information; and under eachcountry, we have an account of the sures, with their proportion to those of monies, exchanges, weights and meaEngland. Several useful tables are annexed, to facilitate calculations; together with numerous official documents, ordinances, &c. &c. and what is indispensable in works of this description, a copious and useful index. From the preceding summary view of this work, our readers will perceive that it contains every article of importance that is interesting to commercial of reference, both for the countingmen. It is indeed a most valuable book think, might be advantageously introhouse and for the library; and, we duced into those superior academies, where pains are taken to communicate to the pupils those rudiments of commercial and political science, the knowledge of which is equally important to the merchant and to the gentleman. As a specimen of this work, we subjoin Mr. Rördansz's account of the Kingdom of Hungary, partly because it book, and also because he has commuis one of the shortest chapters in his nicated much curious information relative to the celebrated wines of that country. The kingdom of Hungary is a large and very fruitful country, capable of furnishing means for a very extensive and lucrative commerce, as well as what is requisite life. The low lands produce all kinds of to supply the necessaries and comforts of grain, hay, vegetables, wood, tobacco, saffron, a great variety of medicinal herbs, hops, millet, &c. All these grow in such abundauce, that the inhabitants, unable To each of these parts is prefixed a to find room for them in their houses or summary account of the manner in which barus, are obliged to keep them in stacks trade is carried on in the countries in- in the fields. To these gifts of nature we cluded in it. And to every country fruits of every kind; but especially the exmay add great abundance of the finest a distinct chapter is appropriated, con- quisite wine, which is frequently so abuntaining a general account of its produc-dant, that the people have not sufficient tion, manufactures, and articles of commerce; together with ample details casks to contain it. The various species and qualities of those wines are very imperfectly known out of the country. In the north of Germany it is usual to distinguish them into the wines of Upper and Lower Hungary; but these denominations are unknown in the country itself, where they distinguish each kind according to the country or district which produces it. They reckon above 200 different kinds, which connoisseurs know very well how to distinguish. In some parts of Germany, all Hungarian wine is called Tokay. Many people have asserted that the wine of Tokay was never sold, and that the Emperor alone possessed it, and made presents of it. This appears to be an error. There is, indeed, a vineyard formerly called Tokay, and now known by the name of Theresienberg, which produces very good wine; but the best wine in Hungary is from the vines of Barwasch. These wines, and those of Talya, Mada, Toetchwa, Tarsar, Beuge, Schatorellya, Kerestur, and Liska, all pass in Hungary for wines of Tokay. There must there fore be sufficient to form au article of commerce, and it may be procured of the best quality by obtaining a recommendation to a good house. are considered to be among the inferio sorts of Hungarian wines. We have observed, that in commercial transactions the Hungarian wines are divided into those of Upper and Lower Hungary. Those of Upper Hungary are the wines Tokay, Muschlac, Mischkoz, and Erlan; and those of Lower Hungary are the wines of Oedenburg, Buda, Neusiehl, Goldberg, and St. George. Of each of these wines four sorts are made, of which the following are the denominations and the description: 1st. The Essence. This wine is made from the finest grapes half-dried. They are put into a barrel, standing upright, the bottom of which is pierced with holes. The weight of the grapes themselves presses out the juice, which is sweet and thick. By mixing this juice with wine of the third kind, a pretty good wine of the second kind is obtained. 2nd. The Ausbruch. This wine is made from the grapes which have furnished the essence. They pour upon these grapes churt, or new wine of fresh grapes. The wine thus obtained, is that sold for Tokay; it has an aromatic flavour, and is not fit to drink till after it is three years old. 3rd. The Muschlac. This wine is made of the husks of the Ausbruch; new wine is poured upon them, and they are then pressed out with the hand. 4th. The Landwein, or common wine, These wines are paid for on the spot at various prices, from twelve to fifty ducats per antal; (the antal is a measure containing twenty-six quarts of Hamburg;) but the prices necessarily vary, according as the years have been good or bad. The wines of Hungary are not only nu-made of ordinary grapes. merous, but also extremely various both in colour and quality; and some kinds are quite unknown out of the country, because they would be spoiled by being exported. The wines of Schomlya, or Wascherheli, in the county of Wesprim, are of a greenish colour, aud agreeable taste; those of Schirak, in the county of Hont, are of a pale yel- | low, and in taste much resemble Champagne; some kiuds are of a light red, others resemble Burgundy both in colour and taste. The wines of Buda are, in the first years, of a deep red, and taste like the fine wines of Cahors; in four or five years their colour changes to that of a ruby, and they are theu like the wines of Côte-Rôtie, The wines of Irlan most resemble those of Burgundy. The wines of Messesch, in the county of Azad, are of a yellowish red, and greatly resemble those of the Cape, but they have more strength than the latter; they are, how ever, difficult to export, and very dear in the country itself, being sold at from twelve to thirty ducats per antal. The wines of Groswaradin, in the county of Dihar, taste like Rhenish wine. Those of Ratschdorf, in the county of Presburg, are heady, and We have before observed, that the prices are very variable, and it is therefore not possible to state them precisely; the following may serve, however, as some guide, and to shew their comparative value in the country itself, or at Vienna. The Essence of Tokay, is from fifty to sixty ducats per antal. The Ausbruch of red Tokay, from twenty-six to thirty ducats per antal. The Ausbruch of white Tokay, from fifteen to twenty ducats per antal. The Muschlac, made in the year, twelve ducats: other Muschlac, ten ducats. This wine is sweet and spirituous. Ordinary Tokay, from five to eight du cats. The wines of Muschkol, six or seven ducats. They are spirituous, but agreeable to drink. The red wines of Erlan, from four to six ducats. The red wines of Buda, from five to eight ducats. The Ausbruch of the wines of St. George, ten ducats per antal. The wines of Muschlac, Mescekoz, Buda, Erlan, and the ordinary Tokays, are exported in large antals, which contain double the common antal; but the other wines are exported in the common antal of twenty-six Hamburg quarts, (about 8 English wine gallons.) Besides these excellent wines, Hungary has several sorts of very good beer. Tobacco is another important article of the produce of this kingdom. The exportation was formerly immense, but has diminished since that herb has been so extensively cultivated in France, and such Jarge importations have been made from America into Europe. Silk is cultivated with success in Upper Hungary particularly in the county of Neogrod. HORSES AND CATTLE. The Hungarian horses are strong, and capable of enduring a great deal of fatigue. They are so numerous, that the Governrment has sometimes made levies of 40 or 50,000 without sensibly diminishing the stock. Many thousand oxen are annually exported. Hungary has also a fine breed of buffaloes, which are used in agriculture. This kingdom is not less favoured in respect to the productions of the mineral kingdom. It produces gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, quicksilver, cinnabar, antimony, sulphur, vitriol, rock salt, and salt springs, marble, alabaster, and various species of precious stones. Though so amply provided with raw ma terials, Hungary has, on the whole, few manufactures of importance, in proportion to the means it possesses. Among them is a kind of felt, for hats, which, though very soft and pliable, is impenetrable to the rain: one of sole leather, which is of very good quality, particularly that of Presburg. The manufacture of potash was carried so far, in many parts, that government was obliged to take measures to check it, in order to prevent the entire destruction of the forests. The Empress Maria Theresa seems to have been the first who took serious measures to promote manufactures in Hungary. She sent for weavers, and other workmen, from Flanders, and established the first manufactory of cloth. Numerous ordinances have since been made, as well in Hungary as in the other parts of the Austrian dominions, to favour the establishment of manufactories of various descriptions. The duties on foreign articles have been gradually increased, and the importation of some wholly prohibited; in short, the improvement, though not rapid, has been progressive, and gives reason to presume that Hungary will, in this respect rival the other nations of the continent in due time. Besides the chief article of exportation, viz. wine, which goes principally to Po land, Russia, and Germany, Hungary, exports saffron, oil, metals, minerals, oxen, leather, wool, tallow, honey, and wax: the imports consist of colonial productions, hardware, cloth, cotton stuffs, and other manufactures, which it mostly receives from Germany. A very great trade in Austrian productions is carried on through Hungary with Turkey. The number of cities and large towns is small, in proportion to the extent of the country. The principal are Buda, or Ofin, Presburg, Debreczin, Therisienstadt, Pest, Edenburg and Zambor. Presburg, the capital, is a large city, but has very little trade, being chiefly a market for the sale of wines, and for the interchange of the produce of different parts of Hungary. At the end of each chapter, Mr. Rördansz has given the names of gen tlemen who are agents in the principal ports for the Committee of Lloyd's. This is an important article of information to merchants, particularly in the countries bordering upon the Mediterranean; on the coast of which, our author states, more chicanery and imposition are practised than in all the rest of the world. The Jews are very numerous in all the Barbary states: they are not tolerated in Spain: but are in considerable numbers at Marseilles; they are not tolerated in Naples and Sicily, and probably not in Piedmont, since the ancient government has been restored; but they are numerous in the other Italian states, down to the Roman, and in the Austrian sea-ports in the Adriatic. In the Ionian Islands, the Morea, and Turkey in Europe, they are not so numerous, and there are but few in Turkey in Asia, Syria, or Egypt. Whatever agreement is made with a Jew in the Barbary states, the particulars must be registered by a clerk (cancelier) in one of the European consulary offices, samples of the goods deposited, and the parties bound in a penalty to perform the contract, otherwise the Jew is not bound to abide by his agreement, however solemnly he may have pledged himself. In most other places, the agreement is valid, though only ver bal, provided it is made in the presence of a broker. Much advantageous business may be done with the Jews, particularly in making |