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entered the office of Dr. Blair as a pupil. For two years he studied under great difficulties, for, having no assistance from his irate father-his mother was now dead-he had to devote half of every day to various other pursuits in order to pay his way; but he finally succeeded in gaining entrance to the Cleveland Homeopathic College, then opening its first session. Here he made his mark among students, some of whom are still living and have attained high positions. At the end of the session he was solicited by Dr. Sill, of Michigan, to take his practice in the small village of Jonesville, which he did with a brave heart and a very light purse.

about. At the age of fifteen he be-
came discontented with life in so
small a village and went to Newark,
where he entered the printing office
of the chief newspaper, learned the
practical duties of a printer, and be-
came in time an assistant editor.
Owing to political events he once oc-
cupied the position of deputy re-
corder of deeds and also of deputy
Postmaster. While engaged with the
duties of the latter, he had an attack
of pneumonia, and having a great re-
pugnance to the allopathic practice
of the day, he called in Dr. A. O.
Blair, the pioneer homeopathist of
that town. His experience of the
benign and successful use of the mild
remedies in the hands of that skillful
practitioner, converted him to the
new method, and he resolved to study
the system of Hahnemann. He
visited his father and frankly stated
his intention, but was met with a
stern and scornful opposition. Those
who are now young in the practice of
homeopathy cannot conceive of the
bitterness of the medical profession
and the laity of those times to the fol-
lowers of the new school. They
looked upon these latter as the lowest
of quacks, far below even the Thomp-
sonians-"steam doctors" or "bo-
tanic physicians."

His father was not only angry but humiliated, that his son should join the ranks of this despised medical sect. The act required considerable courage, but having resolved upon his course, Dr. Edwin immediately

Dr. E. M. Hale was one of the ten. or twelve pioneers of homeopathy inMichigan. His colleagues were Dr. John Ellis, Dr. S. B. Thayer, and Dr. Hastings, of Detroit; Dr. Knapp, of Adrian; Dr. Walker, of Pontiac; Dr. Jewett, of Lyons; Dr. Baldwin, of Jackson; Dr. Woodruff, of Ann Arbor; and Drs. Sill, Cowles, Sabin and a few others, whose residences are forgotten. In 1855, the celebrated writer and translator, Dr. C. J. Hempel, came from Philadelphia to Grand Rapids, followed by others who have since become prominent. In that year began a long struggle for a Homeopathic Department in the University of Michigan, which continued with unflagging energy for more than ten years, and finally ended in success. Dr. E. M. Hale, was foremost in the fight while he

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was offered the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the new department after his removal to Chicago, which, however, he was obliged to decline as. he then occupied the same chair in Hahnemann College. The establishment of the Homeopathic Department at the University of Michigan, was a precedent which was of inestimable value to the homeopathic system of practice.

Hand-book and Hull's "Jahr's Repertory," none on Practice, except Herring's "Domestic Physician;" none on Diseases of Women or Obstetrics, or on Surgery. Dr. Hale, even in his student days, had always manifested a strong predilection for the study of materia medica. He found that Hahnemann's "Material Medica" contained none but old world drugs, while the vast flora of North America had no place in it. A few American physicians, notably Herring, Gray, Jeanes, Bute, Douglas and Hill had partially investigated podophyllum, lobelia, kalmia, sanguinaria and perhaps a few others. Their investigations were published in a small volume in Philadelphia. This little work, though containing only a few provings, was a source of great interest to him, but he found in King's Dispensatory and Tully's Materia Medica a vast field of suggestive research, which he determined to explore for himself, and thus enlarge the materia medica of his own school and increase the resources of its therapeutics. He believed then, as he believes now, that when the clinical and empirical experience relating to the use of unproven drugs is critically examined, it will be found that nearly all the specific curative virtues are due to their action according to the therapeutic law of Similia Similibus Curantur. He, therefore, published studies of the physiological and therapeutic action of indigenous drugs in proof of this theory. But

In 1855, the Michigan Southern
road entered Chicago, and Dr. Hale
took the opportunity to visit that city,
and was profoundly impressed with
the conviction that it was soon to be-
come the greatest of all American
cities. He stopped at the old Sher-
man House, then a small brick build-
ing, from the roof of which he over-
looked the embryo metropolis, which
at the time hardly reached to Twelfth
street on the south, Halsted street on
the west and Chicago avenue on the
north. The desire which awoke with-
in him to become a citizen of this
growing community was destined to
be realized in a very short time.

He had already begun upon a life
of literary work in a direction which
had long occupied his thoughts. A
survey of the condition of homeo-
pathy at that time will enable us to
see what gave rise to that work.
There were but two colleges in the
United States teaching the homeo-
pathic system; the only text books
were Hahnemann's "Materia Medi-
ca,"
"Chronic Diseases," Jahr's

the majority of his school at the time
clung to the dogma that all drugs
must be "proved" on the human
body before they could be adminis-
tered to the sick. This belief led
many physicians to oppose Dr. Hale's
theory and belittle his investigations.
In reply, he offered to accept the tes-
timony of provings and compare them
with the clinical results which had
been gained by all schools in the em-
pirical use of such drugs. He called
to his aid his colleagues all over the
United States and England, and was
generously supported by many noble
and great minded men, such as Doug-
las, of Milwaukee; Ellis and Drake,
of Detroit; Lippe, Hering, and
others, of Philadelphia; Dunham, Jos-
lin, Wells and Marcy, of New York;
Pulte, of Cincinnati; Franklin and
Comstock, of St. Louis, and Hol-
combe, of New Orleans. At that
time Dr. Lodge, of Detroit, was pub-
lishing a small monthly medical jour-
nal called the " Homeopathic Observer."
Dr. Hale sent some of his papers on
materia medica to that journal, and
they met with so much favor that the
editor proposed to Dr. Hale that he
contribute to each number a paper on
some indigenous drug. A series of
papers on gelsemium, containing
provings by Drs. J. S. Douglas, B. L.
Hill, J. C. Morgan and others, as well
as his own, together with all the
toxic, physiological and therapeutic
experiences he could find, was repub-
lished in a book, entitled "A Mono-
graph on Gelsemium Sempervirens."

This had an extensive sale, not only
in his own school, but in the eclectic
and allopathic also, and was favor-
ably mentioned in the medical jour-
nals of that day (1860). About that
time the editor-in-chief of the North
American Journal of Homeopathy, of
New York, solicited Dr. Hale to ac-
cept a position on the editorial staff,
the most prominent members of
which were Drs. Marcy, Peters, Met-
calf, Hunt and Holcombe. Dr. Halé
accepted the offer, and occupied the
position for many years. Notwith-
standing the opposition to his views.
in certain ultra-conservative quarters,
the best men in his school, with a gen-
erosity and fraternal feeling and a
love of true science which is at all
times admirable, assisted him nobly,
and urged him to further investiga-
tion of the immense possibilities of
our indigenous flora, and also of new
chemicals and other agents in the
mineral kingdom, with the result that
in 1860 he began the publication of
the first edition of his "New Reme-
dies," in monthly parts, under Dr. A.
E. Lodge, of Detroit. After two years
this work was given to the profession
in one octavo volume of about 600
pages, containing all that was known.
of the physiological, toxic and thera-
peutic action of fifty drugs, nearly all
indigenous to this country. This vol-
ume had a wide circulation in the
United States and England, and was
translated into German by Buchner,
of Munich, and also into French, Span-
ish and Italian, besides being pub-

lished in part by various continental journals.

At this period his brother, Parker H. Hale, entered his office as a student, graduated at the Cleveland Homeopathic College, and then became his associate for two years until he removed to Hudson, Michigan, where he was joined by his father, who had now embraced the system of Hahnemann, which he once so bitterly opposed. Now, also, Dr. E. M. Hale found the opportunity to realize his long-cherished dream of becoming a citizen of Chicago. The faculty of Hahnemann College, noting the growing fame of the author of "New Remedies," and his labors for the advancement of his school, offered him the chair of materia medica and therapeutics in that institution. He accepted this, and removed to Chicago to enter upon his duties. He formed an association in practice with the late Prof. A. E. Small, which lasted five years, when it was dissolved for the sake of an association with his brother Parker, who had followed him to Chicago; and this lasted until the great fire of 1871.

Dr. P. H. Hale was not a writer, but he was a skilful prescriber of all the new drugs, and greatly aided his brother by his clinical experience with them. Dr. P. H. Hale died in 1880, after a life full of good deeds, leaving hosts of admirers and devoted friends to mourn and regret his loss. During eighteen years' occupancy of the chair of materia medica, Dr. E.

M. Hale's pen was busy upon many medical topics. "New Remedies " passed through five editions, each more voluminous than the others. Owing to some cardiac symptoms observed in his own person, Dr. Hale's mind was directed towards that subject, and, in addition to his lectures

on

materia medica, he gave two courses of lectures on the Diseases of the Heart, which were published in 1871 by Boericke and Tafel, of New York, and have now reached the third edition. The last edition (1889) contained all the latest investigations in cardiac pathology and therapeutics, a materia medica of all the new cardiac medicaments, and a copious repertory of heart symptoms. The second edition was translated into Spanish by Dr. Juan Mana, of Barcelona. Dr. Hale also wrote a small popular treatise, entitled "The Heart, and How to Take Care of It." He has been indeed a voluminous writer, as well as an associate editor of many medical journals. Hardly an issue of any journal but contains original articles from his pen, and many of these are widely copied by the European medical journals. A treatise on "The Therapeutics of Sterility," written in 1869, was so well received that

a

second edition was immediately called for, and this was enlarged and reissued under the title of "Diseases of Women," though treating especially of the cause and treatment of diseases leading to sterility and distochia. This edition is still largely in demand,

notwithstanding later and more extensive works on the same subject by other authors. In this connection it may be recorded that Dr, Hale is the inventor of an "expanding speculum," which is very extensively used by gynæcologists, and a "short obstetric forceps," with peculiar pistolshaped handles, which is very popular among obstetricians of all schools. The "Diseases of Women" was also translated into Spanish by Dr. Mana, of Barcelona. Both works are widely known in Spanish-speaking countries, and the author has received the attention of being elected Honorary Member of the Homeopathic National Institute of the United States of Columbia.

In 1876, Dr. Hale paid a visit to England and the Continent, everywhere meeting with the most cordial reception from the physicians of his school. In the same year he reluctantly severed his connection with the Hahnemann College, with whose faculty he had sustained long and agreeble relations. It seems to be a singular fatality of most college faculties that there will arise in them, sooner or later, disagreements which ripen to a positive hatred that cannot be quelled. This happened to the Faculty of Hahnemann, but Dr. Hale took an entirely neutral position until the final rupture. Then, finding that all but three of the Faculty had decided to withdraw and organize a new college, and that one of the three who remained had always been hos

tile to him, he had no alternative but to go with the majority. This occurred just before his departure for Europe. On his return he found that the Chicago Homeopathic College had been organized, and that he had been assigned the chair of Material Medica and Therapeutics. This he filled for five years, and until the college had been placed on a sound and permanent foundation, having a building and a hospital of its own, and possessing faculties for teaching equal to any medical school in the West.

Dr. Hale has always been ready to aid the colleges with which he has been associated, by his pen, his personal influence and his purse. On his resignation from the Faculty of the Chicago Homeopathic College, which he found advisable, as his health warned him that he could not always continue the arduous labor necessary to keep his chair in all respects abreast of the knowledge of the times, he was made Emeritus Professor. He purchased an orange-grove in Florida, where he takes his annual vacation and rest, enjoying amid romantic and semi-tropical surroundings a freedom from care that none can appreciate so well as a hard-working physician; and recalling the days of his boyhood in the country pleasures of hunting, fishing, and the observation of the habits of birds, insects and plants. Botany, zoology, archaeology and allied sciences had always been his favorite studies, and he has

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