That no commander of any plantation do either himselfe or suffer others to spend powder unnecessarily in drinking or entertainments. That at the beginning of July next the inhabitants of every corporation shall fall upon their adjoyning salvages as we did last yeare; those that shall be hurte upon service to be cured at the public charge; in case any be lamed, to be maintained by the county according to his person and quality. (1 Hening's Statutes at Large, p. 122 to 128, inclusive.) Among the "Minutes of the Judicial Proceedings of the Governor and Councel of Virginia," dated July the 9th, 1630, we found that "Dr. John Pott, late governor, indicted, arraigned and found guilty of stealing cattle; 13 jurors, 3 whereof, councellors. This day wholly spent in pleading; next day, in unnecessary disputations, Pott endeavoring to prove Mr. Kingswell (one of the witnesses against him) an hypocrite by a story of Gusman, of Alfoch, the rogue. In regard of his quality and practice, judgment respited till the King's pleasure known; and all the councel became his security." ELLIOTT ANTHONY. A PIONEER OF MANITOU SPRINGS. DR. ISAAC DAVIS. AFTER passing through the Crimean war, in the fifties, and the war for the American Union, in the sixties, Dr. Isaac Davis exempted a homestead, under his military land warrant, near those natural fountains of healing waters now called Manitou Springs. Upon that tract of one hundred and sixty acres Dr. Davis built the first house-of pine logs, with a slab roof-ever occupied as a dwelling in this now populous national resort. This old half-log structure stood not far from the Midland depot until removed to give place to more modern Mountain, Greenwood, Fairmount, Oak, Mesa, Agate, Granite, Ruby and Pearl. From the top of Davis Mountain a view may be obtained unexcelled any. where in this romantic country for varied magnificence. From its summit. I saw the sun go down behind Pike's Peak, and the shadow of that lofty eminence march across the plains, the sombre advance guard of the lesser mountain shadows, until it rested like a sable garment upon the plains for many miles eastward. But from this point I was afforded a panoramic view of the progress Manitou has made during the past year. A hundred new private residences have sprung up; cottages, summer homes and all-the-year-round mansions. I counted nearly two hundred tents occupied by health and pleasure seekers. Lovely Windermere gleamed beneath me like an emerald upon the breast of the beautiful city. I could see the Cliff House, the Barker, the Mansions and the Manitou, teeming with tourist life; could look over into Williams Canon, a continuity of ruined castles; up Engleman's Canon and descry the iron trail of the locomotive; contemplated the Garden of the Gods. Dr. Davis was born in Bath, Somersetshire, England, February 19th, 1836. When eighteen years of age he went upon the warship Blenheim and sailed for the Crimea, remaining two years upon her decks; then joined the Fifth Princess Charlotte of Wales Dragoon Guards, serving until the war closed. For distinguished services rendered his native land, a silver medal, bearing the image of the Queen upon one side, and upon the other the names and dates of the battles in which he fought, was pinned upon his breast by the Princess Charlotte herself. He came to America in 1859, and lived in Hudson City, New Jersey, until the war of the rebellion came. The first gun and the first drum beat called him to arms in behalf of the Union. Joining the Second New Jersey Infantry, he was placed in charge of the regimental colors. After the expiration of three months he re-enlisted in the Second New York Light Artillery; afterwards turned into the Fifth New York Heavy Artillery; then was transferred to Battery D, Second Regulars, upon detached service, serving as orderly sergeant. Dr. Davis was in all the prominent battles in the Peninsular campaigns, including both first and second Bull Run. In the seven days fight he was wounded by a shell; resulting in nervous prostration induced him finally to remove to Colorado. Several other bullet wounds were received in the same prolonged engagement, being in the fight four days out of the seven. When granted his discharge, the colonel commanding wrote these words upon the parchment: "This is s Charlotte ds, serving or disting his native aring the one side, ames and which he is breast herself 359. and Jersey, n came. t drum half of 1 New ed in three cond ards ork red ne ar d to certify that Sergeant Davis served For special gallantry Gov. Morgan, Dr. Davis, after the war, fitted himself for the medical profession by a three years' course of study, in the city of New York, at the University Medical College. He practiced his profession in Brooklyn until his health gave way on account of his wounds. He came to Colorado and to Manitou, arriving here February 19th, 1871, since which time he has been a resident of this place. Part of the tine since he has practiced medicine, and all of the time for the past eighteen years has been in the drug business, He organized the community of Manitou into a school district, and for years was president of its board of trustees; he organized the town into a municipality in 1874; was mayor one term, declining a re-election; was justice of the peace five years, and county coroner six years. The large real estate interests of Dr. Davis, requiring his whole attention, induced him to give up everything else of a business nature, and devote himself to its management. But his ardent and sympathetic nature; his public spirit and liberalheartedness; his devotion to his adopted country as adopted country as manifested in active membership of the Republican party, render him a popular gentleman. Dr. Davis is always ready to bear his share, and more than his share, of money, time and work, to promote the welfare of the city and. State of which he is one of the founders and an honored citizen. H. D. T OUR AMERICAN ABORIGINES.* THE question as to the origin of the first dwellers in America, has always been an interesting one; but so far as any certain conclusion is concerned, we are no nearer to it than ever. We have no data upon which to found a positive theory. No record was kept; and over it all lie the veil of mystery and the darkness of oblivion. We may say there are but two theories possible as to the origin of the human race. Man either had his beginning in Adam, as related by Moses, or there were more than one creative point. We are here taking no account of the Darwinian doctrine of Evolution. Both these theories are encumbered with difficulties, though we believe that the Mosaic account is the less burdened of the two. Columbus and his successors found in the New World three widely different people-the Aztecs of Mexico, the red men of the forests, and the Esquimaux of the extreme northern parts. The Aztecs possessed a degree of civilization. They had a form of government, they built cities, they erected temples, they practiced many of the arts of peace. They may have been * A paper read before the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg, September 11, 1890, by T. J. Chapman, M. A. the successors of the mound builders of the Mississippi valley, who had been forced to the south by the encroachments of their more barborous neighbors, or attracted by the milder climate of that region. The great question is, whence came these early dwellers in the land, and how did they find their way across the waters to the New World? Cuvier and other ethnologists scarcely less eminent, have recognized but three great races or divisions of mankind-the Caucasian, the Mongolian, and the Ethiopian. This classification corresponds with what we may discover from the Scriptures. After the Noachian deluge, the three sons of the patriarch divided the world among them. From Mt. Ararat on the border of Persia, where the ark rested, they proceeded to settle themselves in the three divisions of the old world-Shem, in Asia; Ham, in Africa; and Japheth, in Europe. From these three sources have come the three great divisions of mankind, with all their complex varieties. Other physiologists, among them Blumenbach and Lawrence, have maintained a five-fold classification of the human species-the white, the yellow, the brown, the red, and the builders ad been croachneigh milder great early · did åters gists Ezed 5 of on his at S. e e black races. This is the common But again we find a third class of colored, and superior to the negro mentally and physically. It is my belief that the negro inhabits only maritime districts, or the marshy districts of the interior; that he originally belonged to the copper-colored race; and that his degeneration of type is due entirely to the influence of climate and food." If this Ethiopian origin of the red man is accepted, it will open up new theories as to his appearance on the western hemisphere. Hugh Murray, the learned editor of the Encyclopædia of Geography, from whom we have quoted above, speaking of the dispersion of men and animals over the face of the earth, and the modes of investigating the subject, recommends us "to lay aside all preconceived theories, and to begin with considering the primary causes of geographic distribution to be, what in truth they really are, totally unknown." The favorite method of accounting for the presence of the aborigines in America, has been to assume that they simply crossed Behring strait from northeastern Asia to northwestern America. This strait is but about forty miles wide, and would present no great obstacles to such a transit. This theory assumes that the Aztecs and the native of South America first came over, and in time made their way farther and farther to the south. Next after them came the red men, and lastly the Esquimaux. This view of the matter seemed to find confir |