his gallantry;-of his regard for that sex, a regard for whom distinguishes not only civilized from barbarous nations and ages, but civilized individuals from savages. We give an extract from the 199th page of this very religious and high-minded work, as a sample of very many passages. they founded, or to which they belonged, note, stands thus. It is asserted by Neal, it are anti-christian? No; he cannot think so; is denied by the Quakers; it is given up as and these passages are but the overboil- false by the writer in the Christian Obserings of envy, or some other evil passion, ver, and it is believed by Mr Brownlee. from the mind of their writer. We may Had such an event occurred (and it is not text from that volume represented as being done in a corner), well apply a which the reverend Mr Brownlee will do would it have rested on the sole authority "It is certain no female preacher ever yet need- well to study when he can find leisure to of Neal? Neal quotes no authority, but ed to make the solemn invocation of worthy and lay aside his Hudibras,-Out of the abund- makes the statement simply. It ought also learned Zachary Boyd, in his printed but unpub-ance of the heart the mouth speaketh. We to be remarked, that Mosheim quotes only lished version of Job. have said that Mr Brownlee speaks of the Neal as his authority for this story. Now, doctrines of the Society with asperity and admitting all these stories to be true, and contempt. As we have already occupied many we think false, we still contend that much space in proving that he speaks un- that they argue nothing against the soundcourteously of the Society itself, and its in-ness of the doctrines professed by the sober dividual members, we shall cite but a single part, the body of the Society; certainly passage to show how he speaks of the doc- they do not tend to prove that they hold trines, and of the sincerity of those who anti-christian principles. There never was a sect, nor a society, of any note, some individuals of which did not act more or less "There was a man, and his name was Job, In page 27 of his Appendix No. 2, he thus notices Elias Hicks, who is a distinguished Quaker preacher, residing, as we are informed, on Long Island, N. York. "But honest Elias is no philosopher, no chemist, [which, of course, unfits him for a teacher of christianity], no theologian; and men of his venerable years, are, every where, privileged characters! 'O Lógos púguazov λówns, xaì ò wouλogía γήρατος. Speaking is the solace of grief,—and garrulity that of old age." hold to them. "There is not a man of reflection in the Society, who would not laugh in his sleeve at the simpleton who would believe without evidence, and with the deistical Pope who chuckled over the easy belief of his Catholic subjects, would exclaim, A fine fabrication this-which has proved so lucrative to us.' We have said that he has charged upon the Quakers, the acts, many times foolish, of their predecessors. Take for example, and there are many such passages, the following paragraphs and notes from pages 94 and 95. think, that neither he nor we, should now think ourselves justified in murdering a civil magistrate on the highway, however oppressive he may have been; and that neither of us would vote any heresy a crime deserving death at the hands of mortal and fallible men. The truth is, that all the founders of new sects have been somewhat enthusias foolishly or wickedly. The apostle Peter wished to impose unwarrantable restrictions upon the Gentiles, and received a sharp rebuke from the apostle Paul; but Peter was a Christian, however he mistook this point. Our author adds, that these extravagances grew out of their principles. This we We think that the above quoted passadeny. The same causes produce the same ges (and we have by no means copied all effects. The Quakers of the present day, that we had marked for quotation) fully assert that they hold to the same principles, prove the character and extent of our aunow, that their ancestors professed, yet thor's politeness and courtesy. They prove "During the first period, and also the second, the they do not now practice going about as more,-for we must leave the language of zeal of their prophets carried them into extrava- signs. Our author doubtless professes to irony for that of serious indignation,-they gancies of another kind. To give a brilliancy to believe what his ancestors believed, among prove that he is instigated by malignant their denunciations, and to rouse the public atten- whom was one, at least, who justified the motives; for he could not but perceive that tion, they taught by signs. Some of them went murder of Archbishop Sharpe; and what all these things might be true, and yet that into churches, during service, clothed in sack-cloth, those of our ancestors believed, who exethe Quakers might be as much Christians and their hair sprinkled with ashes. * * * Ann Wright, having in the same garb made her cuted their law which pronounced Quaas himself or his brethren. They therefore debut into St. Patrick's in Dublin, entered on a pil-kerism a capital crime. Nevertheless, we do not help his argument, and since they grimage to London, and went in these weeds do not, are merely proofs, that he wished through the chief streets, as a sign of approaching to overturn the Quakers, if not by force of judgments. But to crown the whole, these prophiargument, at least by ridicule. Even here ets appeared in public in a state of nudity. During the Commonwealth, and in the reign of Charles he fails; for the passages we have quoted, II., several individuals of the Society went in naare directed, not against the doctrines of ked processions through the streets of London. A the sect, but the manners of some individ- female came, in a state of perfect nudity, into uals. What though some of the Quakers Whitehall Chapel, before the protector. The most distinguished of these Lupercalian heroes, were did, and still do, use a singing tone when Eccles and Simpson. In London, the former apthey preach or pray? what though their peared naked in the fair; and held on his lectures false, or real sense of sin affect them and denunciations against folly, till the loud whips with nervous tremours? what though they of the coachmen made him seek safety in flight. find or imagine that a peculiar garb fur- At another time he threw a Catholic chapel in Irenishes occasion for a greater watchfulness land, into a scene of confusion. In the midst of mass, this Lupercus entered naked from the waist against sin, over themselves and their as-upwards, with a chafing dish on his head, containsociates? what though some of their mem-ing coals and burning brimstone; he cried with a bers, in Philadelphia or elsewhere, live loud voice, Wo, wo, to the idol and its worshipmore luxuriously than is becoming Chris-pers! His third feat was performed in a church tians? (We shall presently, examine the in London. During divine service he came in stark naked; and raising his arms besmeared with correctness of Mr Brownlee's sweeping de-filth, he denounced the woes of heaven on the wornunciation in this respect.) What though shippers. Simpson continued his naked procesone of their elders, in a dream, did sing a sions from time to time during the space of three song which he had learned in his youth? years." what though George Fox were a Cordwainer, and some of his coadjutors, for aught we know, fishermen? what though their female preachers make long sermons, and Elias Hicks be no chemist? Does our author seriously suppose that this torrent of invective -for though he aims at ridicule, he falls short into abuse-against the habits of some of the individuals of which a religious society is composed, will help him to persuade his readers that the tenets of the sect which · For this valuable fact, he cites Neal's "Sewel has omitted this fact for obvious rea- tic,-some more, and some less so; and the wild acts of the Cameronians in Scotland, and the Puritans here, and the Quakers in England, resulted not so much from their principles, as from the fervour of their zeal against what they considered error; and they were modified according to the feelings of the individuals and the manners of their times. Those times are happily gone by, and we are sorry to see our author partake so much as he evidently does, of the feelings of his predecessors, and make such an approximation to their illiberal conduct. Still, he is not altogether like them; the manners of the present age forbid it; and though it is said, that Luther in the heat of argument one day boxed Melancthon's ears, and though we suppose that our author believes that Luther was, notwithstanding, a sincere Christian, and no heretic; yet we should not be deterred from a personal argument with William Craig Brownlee upon any point, by a fear lest it should end in fisticuffs. As to what is said of the miserable fanatNow, the story that is alluded to in thisicism of Naylor and others, we think that it might all have been spared; because, according to Mr Brownlee's own showing, the Quakers disowned them and their principles; and, of course, are no more chargeable with their acts and opinions, than the Church of Rome is chargeable with the acts and opinions of Luther and Calvin, or of Fenelon and Madame Guyon. Some of the men whom our author mentions, went out from the Quakers and founded new sects; and some submitted, and were received again on giving proofs of penitence. Mr Brownlee says, that he cannot find that Tolderoy was expelled, or even suspended; but it is obvious that one or the other was done by the Society, because Mr Brownlee admits that he made acknowledgements of his errors; and an inspection of the Quaker discipline, as expounded by Clarkson, would have shown him, and did show him, unless he grossly neglected his duty as an inquirer into Quakerism, that for the Society to call a member to account for any impropriety, ipso facto, operates as a suspension. As therefore Mr Brownlee must have known that the Quakers, as a body, disapproved of the opinions and conduct of these men, we cannot but think it unfair in him to cast these things as a slur upon all the early Quakers. The passages here alluded to are in pages 87, 88, and Appendix No. 2, page 16. general, without any qualification, leads to of the Quaker who drowned a highwayman, Mr Brownlee cites no authority whatever, and a good deal would be necessary to verify it. We have a better anecdote, which we do believe. Robert Barclay was assaulted by a highwayman with a pistol; he took gently hold on the man's arm, saying, "How canst thou be so rude?" and the ruffian dropped his weapon. In page 117, we are told that the jumping Quakers, who exist near Albany and in the state of Ohio, seceded from the Quakers in the days of Penn, under their leader, Case. Now this is, to say the least, incorrect. The sect to which our author alludes had its origin more recently, we believe in the latter part of the last century; and though some of its early members may have been Quakers, yet those who were so, had been previously expelled from the society; and the Quakers have less concern in the formation of that sect than the Puritans had with that of the Fifth-monarchy-men. There are other passages the correctness of which we doubt; but we have not the means of ascertaining their truth or falsehood. We come now to our last and heaviest charge, that of wilful misrepresentations of facts and doctrines. This, too, we expect fully and easily to prove. And, first, for the misrepresentations of facts. Our readers will have remarked that Mr Brownlee charges generally against all the Society of Quakers, "splendor of equipages, richness of dresses, luxury of the table, and the use of a delicacy and profusion of wines;" now, we do assure them, that it has been our lot occasionally to be entertained at the tables of Quakers, not only here in New England, but in Philadelphia and its neighbourhood; and we can speak of our own knowldge, that this charge, as it applies to any who have fallen under our observation, is utterly false. There may be, there doubtless are, some individuals of the Society, who live more luxuriously than becomes their profession, but they are indeed We have already drawn out this review few; and Mr Brownlee must know it. into greater length than we at first intendHere is our assertion against Mr Brown-ed, and shall confine ourselves to showing lee's, and this is all we can bring, by rea- but one misrepresentation of a doctrine. son that the case does not admit of deposi- Mr Brownlee charges the Quakers sometions being taken and used. He asserts times with Deism, sometimes with Sabelthat the Quakers did not at first condemn lianism, and sometimes with Socinianism; We have said that Mr Brownlee has at- war, but, on the contrary, did advocate it. and he says that there is a want of consisttempted to calumniate the Quakers by as- How this may be, we do not know; but we ency in the writings of the Quakers, and serting that their doctrines lead to evil do know, that when he asserts that William that he mentions this particularly to guard consequences, which cannot reasonably be Penn recommended to the legislature of his against an array of quotations from different expected to spring from them, and which colony of Pennsylvania that they should parts of their works, as from the London facts contradict. We had marked many raise a sum for carrying on war, in obedi- Epistles, which contain much orthodoxy in passages as worthy of notice in this point ence to the king's letter, that he asserts their modern form. Well might he guard of view, but feel that Mr Brownlee has what is directly contradicted by Clarkson as he could against quotations, when he has already occupied more than a due propor- in his Life of Penn; and that he takes no accused the Quakers of changing their extion of our columns. We will only notice notice of Clarkson's account of this matter. pressions in order to accommodate themtwo assertions. The first is on page 290; According to Clarkson, whose authority selves to prevailing doctrines, all the while "The first grand tenet of the sect has a ten-we suppose to be indisputable, William meaning that the words should convey a dency to lead men into the wildering mazes Penn communicated the letter to the legis- different meaning to the initiated; and of of Deism." To this we can only reply, lature, and refused, though called on, to give railing against Socinianism, while they that we have known many Quakers and them his opinion on the subject; and the leg- themselves are Socianian. Probably the very known much of them, but have never islature, being Quakers, did not raise the last thing we shall do, will be to enter into heard a charge of Deism uttered or insinu- money, alleging their scruples of conscience an argument to prove whether the Trinitariated against any one of them, and that we for refusing so to do. He asserts, in page ans or the Unitarians are more correct in venture to say this is the first time our read- 111, that the Pennsylvanian Quakers rais- their opinions on this much disputed subject; ers have ever heard it. We may recur to ed an armed band, to retake a sloop from but we mean to show that William Craig this subject presently. On page 288, he certain pirates; and did in fact recapture Brownlee has, on this subject, quoted just such sees fit to say that "The [not even their] her; and he says sneeringly, that "the passages, and no others, and in such a way, doctrine of supernatural influences carried historians of the society wriggle and twist as he thought would injure the Quakers in out in its legitimate tendency, lays their under the difficult digestion of this morsel the estimation of those who agree with him minds open to endless follies and decep- of their history;" and refuses to believe on this point. He quotes largely from Penn tion." Now we suppose Mr Brownlee, be- their declaration that no arms were used, and from Pennington to show that they ing, as aforesaid, a minister of the gospel, because of its improbability. Clarkson's were Socinians. We have not, and could sometimes preaches to his people respect- account of the story is, that some unruly not procure, their writings at full length or ing the being and the attributes of God. persons seized a sloop, and the magistrates in the early editions; but Mr Brownlee has We should be glad to know whether he issued warrants to apprehend them, which suppressed two very important passages, charges them to believe that God is not a was accomplished, and the circumstance one of which is in Clarkson's Life of Penn, supernatural being, or, that he is wholly in- was magnified by George Keith into a mak- and the other in that copy of Pennington's different towards his creatures, and never ing of war upon the offenders. Mr Brown- works which we for this purpose have progives them the help of his influence. The lee refers also to a story in Sewel's History, cured; passages too, the orthodoxy of which manner and the degree in which this influ- of the recapture of a ship by a Quaker we believe the most rigid of Mr Brownlee's ence is exerted, is, we well know, a subject from the Turks. According to Sewel him- own sect will not dispute, and with which, of controversy among Christians. But we self, not only was no violence practised on we doubt not, every sentence which he has never before heard a gospel minister in this occasion, but the Quaker even landed quoted may be reconciled, if taken with the fact utterly deny it, by asserting that "The his prisoners on the coast of their own context, from which, for his own purpose, he doctrine of supernatural influence," in the country. As to the story, told in page 108, has disjoined them. The words of Penn, wants of the poor, their deportment towards the God-daring, Christ-blaspheming, Spirit-dis- In his Appendix No. 2, page 25, Mr Brownlee thus notices an able champion in behalf of the oppressed Africans. to which we allude, are, "In my confession We had almost forgotten that we had charged Mr Brownlee with faintly praising the acts of the Society of Quakers, even where he could not deny that they were laudable. We cite the following passages and notes to show with what reluctance he testifies on this occasion. "What they have done, they will do alone; and that little which has been done in this way [that is, as a body] by them, has been confined to some attempts at the civilization of some Indian tribes, and the meliorating of the condition of the Africans.* * The extent of their influence in putting down that most execrable traffic in human beings, the African slave-trade, we cannot strictly define. They gloriously roused up the public mind to a sense of the evil; and then acted nobly and firmly in concert with the statesmen and christian public of the United States and Britain. Palmam qui meruit, ferat." We must quote a little more. After speaking of this people, as we have shown, Mr Brownlee finds himself compelled to admit what follows; and yet sends this work to the printers without expunging the passages we have quoted. "Their kind and amiable manners have secured them a right to the title of Friends; their females are distinguished for their prudence, their modesty, and elegance of manners; their attention to the unto God." He said no more, but the effect We have done with our charges against John Brown of Wamphey published his A Practical Treatise upon the Authority and Duty of Justices of the Peace in Criminal Prosecutions. By Daniel Davis, Solicitor General of Massachusetts. Boston, 1824. 8vo. pp. 687. THE design of this work is excellent, and its execution no way inferior to the design. The principal object of the author is to furnish a complete guide to justices of the peace in criminal prosecutions. It contains in the first part, ample directions in these proceedings in every stage of the process. They are principally selected from common law authorities; much of them, however, is original, and founded upon the present practice, as settled in the Supreme Judicial Court of this State. The directions relative to taking bail, and returning the process into court, and the taxation of cost, are full and accurate, and will probably be the most useful part of the work. The incorrectness, want of information, and of punctuality in the justices of the peace, in this respect, have occasioned serious inconveniences and sacrifices to the government. This part of the work must be regarded by the profession as supplying a want they have doubtless often experienced. The second part appears to have been extended considerably beyond the original purpose of the author, but we cannot regret this, as there is almost nothing in it which can be regarded as superfluous or useless. There are two hundred and thirty precedents of complaints-drawn with the same accuracy, and in the same form with indictments. The book, therefore, contains a great number of precedents for the common offences, occurring in our courts, which, by chang. ing the captions and conclusions, may form a useful collection of indictments, perhaps as good as any extant, for the use of a New England lawyer. The definitions and preliminary remarks, are taken from the best authorities, and from our own decisions, and contain as much of this kind of matter as will be useful or necessary for a justice of the peace. It is, in fact, an abridgment, giving the outline of the law relative to crimes and offences. We think it our duty to remark, that the price of the book is one quarter less than the ordinary price of law books containing the same amount of matter, and we believe the proportion which the superfluous matter bears to that which is useful, quite as small, to say no more, as in most law books of this size. The principal part of the work, indeed, we may say the whole of it, except a few cases decided in Massachusetts, being taken from the books of the common law, of universal authority, the work may be useful in all parts of the United States. The forms and precedents taken from the New York courts, add, perhaps, less to the value of the book, than any other part of it. that peculiar blessing which he and his perseverance, and manual skill and labour, brethren have. He may also learn, on the are all stimulated by the noble impulses one hand, how powerful is the resisting which prompt them to mutual destruction. force, which in Europe opposes the spread Our first extract will describe some of the and dominion of political truth, and how most celebrated galleries. laborious and long the conflict must be ere the victory can be won ;-and, on the other, he may find good reason to hope that the We understand that Mr Davis was in- cause of justice and of truth must inevitaduced to undertake the work, principally bly prevail; that it is perpetually gaining by the circumstance, that he had been all the strength which can be derived from troubled for many years in his official duties, advancing intelligence, greater unity of deby the want of knowledge and of punctu- sign and action, and a rapid increase in the ality in justices of the peace, and most of number of its friends, while its enemies, in all, in those justices who belong to the pro- spite of partial successes, are exhausting fession, and undertake to do this kind of their resources and discovering their weakbusiness. We think he may well hope, in ness;-that while each wave may be refuture, to be relieved from this embarrass-pelled, and the rooted rocks rejoice as the ment, for the excuse of unavoidable ig- angry waters are broken into foam and fall norance is certainly taken away. down their motionless faces, yet the tide is rolling onward;-ocean is upheaving its might, and vain must be the endeavour to fix upon its power or its progress a chain A Journal of a Tour in Italy, in the Year 1821. With a Description of Gibraltar. Accompanied with several Engravings. By an American. New York. 1824. 8vo. pp. 468. OF Our scanty native literature, the records of foreign or domestic travel occupy a large proportion, nor are we disposed to lament this circumstance. It is certainly well that those of our brethren who are able to indulge themselves in the pleasures and advantages of visiting distant climes, should go to seek from those ancient nations that are now in their maturity, if not in their decline, much valuable knowledge, which the many peculiar circumstances of our comparatively novel policy and institutions refuse to impart. We do not only mean, that it is desirable to cultivate the taste by a study of those works which art and labour have created for the enjoyment of refined luxury at the bidding of boundless wealth; or to improve and animate the sense of beauty, by looking upon the most beautiful objects, which the utmost efforts of human skill, combined with the efforts of nature, have been able to produce. This is a valuable advantage, but the least of those which an American should derive from foreign travel. The spirit of republicanism is paramount at his home, and not only so, but, perhaps without his consciousness, in his heart, and perpetually exerts a powerful influence upon most of his thoughts It may be well, therefore, that he should leave this republic awhile, and go to the kingdoms of the earth, and see that spirit, which is the governing and animating principle here, meeting with little check or hindrance, either from ancient delusion or from popular ignorance or passion, -there, subdued, at least apparently subdued and almost crushed; in some corners struggling to come forth and act, in others counteracted and well nigh extinguished, not only by external force, but by those rooted prejudices and that universal and excessive ignorance, which mingle with pure and powerful principles, elements of opposition, weakness, and decay. He may thus learn to value aright and watch with jealousy or emotions. or a limit. rock, and near the north end of it, stands a Moor"December 3. About one third the way up the ish castle of uncertain antiquity. It occupies the brow of a perpendicular ledge, containing the excavated galleries, for which Gibraltar is so famous. We set out this morning, under the guidance of a serjeant, to visit these galleries; and after a tedious walk through several streets, on the steep side of the rock, we found ourselves just below the castle, and at the gate of an old wall stretching down from it. The gate was very low, and of plain and solid architecture; and the walls, which are Moorish, are formed of rough stones, and large, thin bricks, in alternate layers, cemented with mortar. A subterranean passage led us under the wall of the garrison, and a few steps brought us to the beginning of the modern works: a dark passage bored through the rocks, for a distance of one hundred and fifty A little way beyond, is the entrance to Wyllys' Gallery-a powerful battery, capable of feet. playing upon an enemy from an inaccessible height, through embrasures or port holes cut in the face of He may not only do much good, as an the high, rocky precipice. The passage to the American among Europeans, teaching al- guns is a gallery, blasted with powder, three hunmost of necessity, knowledge more or less dred feet long, and large enough for the passing of important respecting our national existence a wagon; imperfectly lighted by the embrasures; and condition, but may impress upon him- (mounted, according to custom, on iron carriages), and where nothing is to be seen, but heavy cannon self, and afterwards upon his countrymen, bolted magazines, and piles of shot. This passage juster views and a deeper sense of the ac- terminates at a shaft like a well, down which we tual relation which exists between us and went, in total darkness, by a winding staircase, Europe;-of the importance of our ex below. Cornwallis' Hall, into which these steps where our footsteps echoed like guns, above and ample, and the national responsibility which led us, is a room about forty feet across, supplied grows out of our national prosperity. with a magazine, and three pieces of cannon. Going up the dark staircase again, and walking through a level passage, more than a hundred feet in length, we came to the brow of the precipice, whence a breastwork and several forty-two pounders which may be a hundred and fifty feet high, and overlook the bay, and at a great distance below, the Moorish castle; while the peaks of the mountains above, seemed yet as distant as ever. also two or three mortars mounted here, of the diameter of thirteen inches. garrison, half an inch, or an inch larger; and that, a soldier told us, was taken from the Spanish, and was the largest ever made. There are There is one in the Our guide now led us up still further; and at length, passing between broken rocks, some of which jutted out overhead, and made a roof for the path, we suddenly found ourselves on the very and leaning upon a slight railing, looked down upon edge of a precipice, five or six hundred feet high; the Neutral Ground, which stretched out in a sandy plain, on the left to the bay, and on the right to the Mediterranean; while in front, it was bounded by hills and mountains, in the neighbouring parts of Spain. This good work, the book now under notice has done, or at least may do to a very considerable degree; although the author may be surprised at our thinking his journal capable of so much usefulness. He seems to have intended little more than to make an amusing work, which should give to those who could not travel in Italy, a correct though very general idea of that country; and he has certainly offered to the public a book which all will find entertaining. But he has done something more; he enjoyed very peculiar opportunities for acquiring much interesting information, and availed himself of them fully. He was in Italy when the Austrians were advancing upon Naples; he journeyed from that kingdom through the principal cities of Italy, to Piedmont, as the invading army was marching south, and arrived at Turin just as the revolution in that country broke out. He travelled By a dark hole just at hand, we entered the in the public conveyances, and stopped at Windsor Gallery, which is formed on the same farm-houses and the common inns, and was plan as Wyllys'. It is, however, at a greater thus brought into close contact with many of height-quite out of the reach of an enemy's artilthat class who are of necessity the most nu-lery, and about five hundred feet in length. The merous in the body politic, and who are apt larity of the rocky surface, through which their emguns too, are larger, and on account of the irreguto say what they think or feel with little dis- brasures are cut, the gallery is sometimes quite dark, guise or reserve; and his free and frequent and so irregular, that it is difficult to proceed. We conversations are very pleasantly related. next reached the most admirable part of these Our author sailed from New York on the magnificent works-St George's Hall. Externally, 19th of October, 1820, and arrived at Gib-side of the precipice, which the Rock of Gibraltar it has the appearance of a round tower, against the raltar on the 29th of November. The for- presents towards the Neutral Ground. This is tifications of this celebrated Rock are very partly the effect of art: but the skill of the engistrikingly described. We do not recollect neer has been chiefly devoted to forming a beautito have met with so full an account of these ful circular apartment within, about forty feet in works;-which prove, perhaps, more than diameter, and vaulted overhead. The floor is perfectly smooth, and the walls are pierced for six any other works of art, how much men sixty-four pounders. The care taken to keep every may accomplish, when their ingenuity and thing in perfect order, together with the shaft cut through the top to let off the smoke, the smooth- | foot of Vesuvius, the place where the lava first ap- A flight of steps, cut into the solid stone, brought us to the verge of the precipice, on a level with the top of Cornwallis' Hall. It is surmounted by a conical cap, through the centre of which is the chimney, which lets off the smoke of the guns. As we had become confused by the various objects we had seen, and the irregular manner in which we had gained this spot; and besides, could see nothing above us but a single mass of rock, we supposed ourselves on the summit: but the guide desired us to follow him, and judge for ourselves whether we were yet at the top. We accordingly stepped upon a crag which projected near us-though I confess it was somewhat appalling to observe that the cleft between, over which we had to spring, was Looking up, we bottomed by the Neutral Ground. saw the North Pinnacle-a mass of grey rocks, almost over our heads, and about a thousand feet above us, which, so suddenly discovered, had a We seemed most singular effect upon our minds. to be shrinking to the size of pigmies, and felt at the same time, so strong a disposition to contemplate the vast magnitudes around us, that, for fear of forgetting ourselves, and falling from the shelf on which we stood, we lay down, and grasped with all our might a ringbolt, the only thing we could lay hold on. For a moment, the crag seemed to be shaken, and almost to dance in the air like a bird's nest in a high wind, as if separating itself from the precipice." our companions happened to be present the other day, when it was presented and paid, at an English banker's. We inquired what was the news from Austria, and received for answer, that an army was on the march against the kingdom of Naples, and that, on this account, he was determined to return to Rome as soon as possible, allowing only a little time for seeing the curiosities in the neighbourhood." He determines to go in a vettura, the common public vehicle of the country, and leaves his friends-who happened to prefer security and speed to the best opportunities of becoming acquainted with the country they passed through-to go on with the corriere (mail-carrier), who would arrive in much less time. But we shall not have room to follow our traveller through his whole route. From Rome he went to Florence, Genoa, and Turin, stopping a About thirty yards above this place, was a heap considerable time wherever he found any of rocks fifty feet high, which marked the spot thing of interest enough to compensate for where the lava burst from the ground. Smoke was passing off by a hole in the top, while the current the delay. He forgot not that he travelled flowed from its base. Within a short distance, in a land at once cumbered and sanctified there were several other mounds of this descrip- by accumulated ruins, which may be said tion, each of which was performing on a small to veil its actual condition with the shadscale the work of a volcano, and was in fact a mim-ows of past greatness; and that around him ic Vesuvius. By an accumulation of stones, the passage gradually becomes clogged, and at length the lava finds a new vent, where it forms a new channel and a new cone. Through a hole, we saw the lava just as it issued from the mountain-there it was, fifteen feet below us, in a cauldron it had formed, eddying and almost boiling, like melted iron, shining in its own infernal light, and possessing an aspect unnaccountably dreadful, as if it had brought along some of the horrors of the bottomless pit. Here, we were told, a Frenchman lost his life a few days before. Whether his death was accidental or intended, we could not satisfy ourselves. Our guide, the brother of him who had accompanied the Frenchman, declared he threw himself in: but nobody, I think, could look down this chasm and believe it. That he perished here is certain however; and the Neapolitan saw his remains re-appear below, and float down the current!" were the most beautiful works of ancient which in ancient times rendered it famous for the "This tract of country formed part of the 'CamPompeii and Herculaneum were visited, pania Felix' of the Romans, and to my eyes bears and all their disinterred memorials of by- no indications of having lost any of that fertility, gone days and nations amply examined. richness and abundance of its productions. It was After seeing every thing in and about Na-in a good degree the luxuries supplied by this soil, ples worth seeing, our author travels on to which rendered the bay of Naples the resort of the Rome;-being encouraged to pursue his wealthy Romans under the empire; and I should route by such enticing circumstances as the be slow to believe that the soil alone has degenerated. In Modern days it has been repeatedly sprinkfollowing. led with volcanic ashes from Mount Vesuvius; but this should increase its fertility, for the best wine in the neighbourhood is made on the mountain itself. No, it is the inhabitants, or rather I should say the government under which they live, that have produced the change. The labourers, apparently living under the full rigor of the feudal and the pontifical systems combined, are crowded together in little dirty villages, basely ignorant and humiliated, without the power and without the disposition to improve: while the mellow and luscious fruits of their toil are sent to the palace and villa of the indolent and vicious landholder, or the overflowing treasury of some church or conventthe abodes of sloth and vacuity.**** "As we were leaving home this morning, we met one of our friends going to our lodgings, with an American gentleman just arrived from Rome. He was in the dress of a diligent and industrious traveller, stepped quick, and I thought had a hurried expression in his eye and manner, as if his journey were not quite finished. We inquired the news. 'I narrowly escaped falling into the hands of the robbers at Terracina,' said he, in a way that made us start. They came down from the mountains, night before last, and took off fifteen or twenty Thence he sails for Naples, and arrives boys from a school. The schoolmaster and a solthere so as to finish his quarantine before dier were killed in making resistance, and the counthe carnival begins. Of course, our trav-try was in a state of alarm. The courier made the postillion set the horses into a gallop, as soon as he veller climbs up Vesuvius, as in duty bound; and from his story of this adventure, we extract the following lively account of the horrors, if not the dangers, which oppose the ascent. "The guide now led us towards the foot of Vesuvius properly so called, which rises, like an immense ant heap, about twelve hundred feet high; and all the way we trod on newly-formed lava. Steams were issuing out on all sides; but at the heard the news, and they ran all the way to Fondi. The villages through which we passed bore the strongest marks of a poor and degraded population. Some of them must contain five or six thousand people; yet the houses were low and small, and many of them, I will venture to say, not built since The windows showed the discovery of America. vacant and dirty faces, the doors ill-furnished rooms, and heavy stone walls and floors deeply worn by the feet and hands of numerous generations. Nothing like a new house, nor even an improved or a repaired one was to be seen; and I made up my mind while passing on, that not one of |